Cholem Aleikhem

Cholem Aleikhem (in Yiddish: שלוםעליכם, in Hebrew: שלוםעליכם, in Russian: Шолом-Алейхем) pen name of Cholem Naumovich Rabinovich ; (1859 - 1916) is a Humoriste and Russian writer Juif of Langue Yiddish. Very popular, he wrote Romance , Nouvelle S and plays. He made much to promote the literature Yiddish and is the first to write Conte S for Enfant S in Yiddish. Its works were translated in very many languages. The Musical comedy a violin on the roof launched to Broadway in 1964 and based on the character of Tevye the slag , is the first business success of a part in English describing the life of the small Jewish people of Europe of the East before the Shoah. Thereafter, the part was taken again many times in the whole world, then adapted to the Cinéma in 1971.

Youths

Cholem Naumovich Rabinovich (alternatively: Sholom, Shulem, Solomon, Rabinovitz, Rabinovitsh, etc) (in Russian: Шо́лемНау́мовичРабино́вич) is born the March 2nd 1859 in a poor Jewish patriarchal family, of Menachem-Nukhem and Rabinovitsh Khaye-Ester in Pereyaslav (area of Poltava in the east of Kiev) in imperial Russia (maintaining in Ukraine). The Mère of Cholem dies when it is fifteen years old. He writes shortly after his first work, the Jewish adaptation of the novel Robinson Crusoé . Cholem then decides to be dedicated to the writing. It takes for Pseudonyme Cholem Aleichem derived from the usual greeting in Yiddish (and Hebrew) that peace is with you . In 1876, after having finished its studies with the local school of Pereyaslav with excellent notes, it leaves the Maison his/her parents in the search of a Emploi. During three years, it gives courses to Olga (Golde) Love, the girl of a fortunate owner land, before to marry it the May 12th 1883. It will have six children, of which the painter Norman Raeben, which will teach painting with Bob Dylan and which it will influence at the time of the realization of its disc Blood one the Tracks , and the écrivaine Yiddish Lyalya (Lili) Kaufman. The girl of Lyalya is the American écrivaine Bel Kaufman auteure of the book Up the Down Staircase (" Staircase interdit").

The career of writer

Cholem Aleikhem initially writes in Russian and Hebrew before choosing starting from 1883 for the Yiddish, language in which he writes more than forty volumes. One regards it as of 1890 as the figurehead of the literature Yiddish, language usually spoken but scorned in the literature, qualified “Jargon” by the majority of the Russian Jewish writers, who write in Hebrew, the liturgical language , exclusively used by the educated Jews .

In addition to its abundant literary production in Yiddish, it uses its personal fortune to play the patrons and to encourage the writers Yiddish. It includes their works dasn his Almanach, Die Yiddishe Folksbibliotek ( the popular library Yiddish ), published in 2 editions, 1888 and 1889 which gives an important role to many young people writers Yiddish. There will not be a third edition, Cholem Aleikhem having lost all its fortune in a stock exchange speculation in 1890, although the almanac is already written. Obliged to diversify, it returns, without giving up the Yiddish, with Russian for Voskhod , the most important Russian Jewish review of the time and for another newspaper of Odessa, and with Hebrew for Hamelitz as well as a Anthologie published by Y.H. Ravnitzky. It is also during this period that the writer contracts the Tuberculose.

The emigration

After 1891, Cholem Aleikhem lives in Odessa, then later in Kiev. In 1905, it emigrates with its family following a wave of Pogrom S which breaks on the south of Russia. First of all, it settles with New York while the remainder of its family lives with Geneva in Suisse. However, he realizes rather quickly that its relatively limited incomes, do not enable him to maintain two hearths, and he decides to go back to Geneva. In spite of its great popularity, much of its works only very few incomes generate to him and it is forced to carry out harassing Voyage S and rounds to give conferences and to provide for its needs and those of its family In July 1908, at the time of a round in Russia, it disappears in the Train leading it to Baranowicz. The Médecin S diagnose a repetition of acute hemoragic tuberculosis which obliges it to spend two months of convalescence in the hospital of the Ville. It describes this incident later as a Rencontre opposite with face with its majesty the Ange dead the , and proclaims that it was the catalyst to write its Autobiographie, Funm Yarid . During its convalescence, it misses the First Conference by the language Yiddish , which proceeds with Czernovitz and must be replaced by his/her colleague and Co-activist Yiddish Nathan Birnbaum. Aleichem spends the four following years in semi-disability, which only enables him to find an about regular work of writing. During this period, its family survives only thanks to friendly gifts of and admirors of Cholem Aleichem. In 1914, the large majority of the family of Cholem Aleichem emigrates with the the United States and is established in New York. The son of Aleichem, Misha being at that time reached of tuberculosis, sees himself refusing the entry of the United States by the services of the emigration. Misha remains in Switzerland with his/her Emma sister, and dies in 1915, an event which inserts the writer in deep a depression.

Died and commemoration

Cholem Aleikhem dies in New York the May 13rd 1916, with old 57 years, whereas he works on his last novel, Mottel, the son of the cantor . It is buried with the Cimetière of Mount Carmel in the Queens. Its funeral is among most imposing of the history of New York, with a funeral procession of more than 100.000 people. The next day, its will is published in The NewYork Times and is consigned in annals of the Congrès; Its will contains instructions detailed for its family like for her close relations, as well with regard to its funeral, as the way in which it wishes celebrated being and commemorated for the yahrzeit (dates birthdays of the death). He asks his friends and to its family of to meet, reading its will, selecting one of its news, among merriest and to recite it in the language which will seem to them most accessible and he adds: That my name is associated only with Rire S or is not celebrated a whole . The annual gatherings continue nowadays and are now opened with the public. In 1997, a Monument dedicated to Cholem Aleikhem is set up in Kiev; and in 2001 another is built with Moscow. In 1996, part of East 33rd Street (33ème street Is) between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue in New York City is famous Place Sholom Aleichem .

Belief and activism

Cholem Aleikhem is an impassioned lawyer of the Yiddish as a national language of the Juif people. This language must obtain same the statu and respect that all the other modern European languages. It does not stop its activism with the Yiddish cause but dévout also with the Sionisme by presenting the Zionism in many writings. In 1888, he becomes member of Hovevei Zion. In 1907, he is the American representative with the Huitième Congrès Zionist which is held with $the Hague with the Netherlands.

Its legacy

Cholem Aleikhem is often regarded as the “Mark Twain Jewish”, within sight of the stylistic resemblance of the two authors as well as theirs use of a pen name. Both produced the works intended as well for youth as with an assistantship Adulte. Celebrated of their alive, they gave many conferences to the United States and in Europe.

When the writers met at the end of their life, Mark Twain would have said to its fellow-member that he regards as the Cholem Aleikhem American .

a Early Passover : (Translation of English by FLLL) Pinhas Pincus is a height lower than the normal, with small a Oeil and a larger eye. When he speaks, it seems that its eyes speak each other between them, the small eye asking and seeking approval of largest; and the large eye giving its approval for each project or promise. When it went the first time to Nuremberg, there was no limit with its sufferings; It had to endure the Famine, the Misère and the personal Insulte S of his German brothers . In Nuremberg, it was protected from the massacres but was not protected from the famine

There are French books, of which Tevye, the tenth man, Menahem Mendel the dreamer-->

Quotations

an unmarried is a man who goes to his work each morning coming from a different direction.
the commérage is the Téléphone of nature.
the life is a Rêve for the Sage, a Jeu for the insane , a Comédie for the rich person and a Tragédie for the poor .
Some is the bad news, you must continue to live, even if that kills to you.
the rich person is inflated of pride, the poor one by the hunger.

Its works

Its works translated into French

the bewitched Tailor and other tales : 267 pages, stitched; editor: Albin Michel; collection: Presence of the Judaism. ISBN-10: 2226018506; ISBN-13: 978-2226018502
a violin on the roof : 186 pages, stitched; editor: Albin Michel. ISBN-10: 2226041400; ISBN-13: 978-2226041401
Menahem-Mendl, the dreamer : 242 pages, pocket; editor: Shores. ISBN-10: 2869306261; ISBN-13: 978-2869306264
Tevie the slag : editor: Current times; Collection: Foreign literature. ISBN-10: 2209063523; ISBN-13: 978-2209063529
the tenth man : 251 pages, pocket; editor: Editions 10/18. ISBN-10: 2264019689; ISBN-13: 978-2264019684
People of Kasrilevkè : editor: : Julliard; Collection of literature Yiddish. ISBN-10: 2260009204; ISBN-13: 978-2260009207

Its news translated into English

The Best off Sholom Aleichem , published by R. Wisse, I. Howe (published in 1979), Walker and Co., 1991, ISBN 0-8027-2645-3.
Tevye the Dairyman and the Railroad Stories , translated into English per H. Halkin; Schocken Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8052-1069-5.
Nineteen to the Dozen: Monologs and Bits and Bobs off Other Things , translated into English by Ted Gorelick, Syracuse Univ Near, 1998, ISBN 0-8156-0477-7.
has off Treasury Sholom Aleichem Children' S Stories , translated into English by Aliza Shevrin, Jason Aronson, 1996, ISBN 1-56821-926-1.
Inside Kasrilovka, Three Stories , translated into English by I. Goldstick, Schocken Books, 1948
The Old Countr there, translated into English by Julius & Frances Butwin, J B H off Peconic, 1999, ISBN 1-929068-21-2.
Stories and Satires , translated into English by Curt Leviant, Sholom Aleichem Family Publications, 1999, ISBN 1-929068-20-4.

Autobiography (translated into English)

Funm Yarid , written in 1914-1916, translated into English under the title: The Great Fair by Tamara Kahana, Noonday Near, 1955

Its novels

Stempenyu , published initially in its Folksbibliotek, adapted in 1905 for the play Jewish Daughters .
Yossele Solovey (published in 1889 in its Folksbibliotek)
Tevye' S Daughters , translated into English by F. Butwin, Crown, 1959, ISBN 0-517-50710-2.
Mottel the Cantor' S its english language version: Henry Schuman, Inc. New York 1953

Literature our young adults

Menahem-Mendl , translated into English by Tamara Kahana under the title The Adventures off Menahem-Mendl , Sholom Aleichem Family Publications, 1969, ISBN 1-929068-02-6.
Motl peysi dem khazns , translated into English by Tamara Kahana under the title The Adventures off Mottel, the Cantor' S Its , Sholom Aleichem Family Publications, 1999, ISBN 1-929068-00-X.
The Bewitched Tailor , Sholom Aleichem Family Publications, 1999, ISBN 1-929068-19-0.

Plays

The Doctor ; (1887), comedy in an act
Der Get (Divorce, 1888), comedy in an act
Die Asifa (the assembly, 1889), comedy in an act
Yaknez (1894), a satire on the brokers and the speculators
Tsezeht Tseshpreht (Dispersed all with far, 1903), comedy
Agenten (Agents, 1905), comedy in an act
Yiedishe Tekhter (Jewish girls, 1905) drama, adaptation of one of its preceding novels Stempenyu
Die Goldgreber (gold diggers, 1907), comedy
Shver Tsu Zein has Yied (Hard to be a Jew, 1914)
Dos Groisse Gevins (the great lottery Jackpot, 1916)
Tevye der Milkhiger , (Tevye the slag, 1917, part played after its death)

Others

Jewish Children , translated into English by Hannah Berman, William Morrow & Co, 1987, ISBN 0-688-84120-1.
many news published in Russian in Voshkod (1891-1892)

References

Mr Cholem Aleichem by Henri Bulawko; editor: Gil Wern (January 1st, 1996); ISBN-10: 2842240049; ISBN-13: 978-2842240042
in : First Yiddish language conference: two roads to Yiddishism (Nathan Birnbaum and Sholem Aleichem by Louis Fridhandler
in : My Father, Sholom Aleichem , by Marie Waife-Goldberg
in : Liptzin, Ground, have History off Yiddish Literature, Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, ISBN 0-8246-0124-6. 66 and. seq.
in : has off Bridge Longing by David G. Roskies

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