Chart of Cassini
The chart of Cassini or chart of the Academy is the first general chart of the kingdom of France. It would be adapted more of speaking about chart of Cassini , because it was drawn up by the family Cassini, mainly César-François Cassini (Cassini III) and his son Jean-Dominique Cassini (Cassini IV) at the 18th century.
The adopted scale is of a line percent Toise S, the transposition of this report/ratio in the Metric system gives a scale close to 1/86 400 (1 centimetre on the chart corresponds to approximately 864 meters on the ground).
This chart constituted for the time a true innovation and a decisive technical projection. It is the first chart to be rested on a geodetic Triangulation whose establishment took more than fifty years. The four generations of Cassini followed one another to complete this work. The chart precisely does not locate the dwellings or the limits of the marshes and forests, but the level of precision of the highway network is such as by superimposing orthorectifiées photographs satellite, these last correspond almost completely with drawn roads more than 200 years front.
The work of Cassini left even its print on the ground where one finds still today toponyms known as “ Signal of Cassini ”, which reveal the places where measurements of the time were carried out. These benchmarks correspond to the tops of the thousand triangles which formed the screen of the chart of Cassini.
In 1808, Napoleon I {{er}} decided the establishment of a chart intended to replace that of Cassini; its implementation was made between 1817 and 1866, by testing several different scales. It was a chart with the use of the soldiers: the Geological Survey map, on scale 1/80.000.
This chart is still consulted nowadays by the researchers. It particularly interests the historians, the geographers, the genealogists, the Chasseurs of treasures and the ecologist S which need to make retrospective ecology or to include/understand the history of the Paysage.
Preliminary operations
The chart of Cassini is the first geometrical chart covering the entirety of the kingdom of France. Before the surveys, it was necessary to carry out a triangulation of the territory.
Objectives
Here how César-François Cassini (Cassini III) saw the chart which it was going to begin:
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“to measure the distances by triangulation and to thus ensure the exact positioning of the places”;
- “to measure the Kingdom, i.e. to determine the innumerable number of boroughs, cities and villages sown in all its extent”;
- “to represent what is immutable in the landscape”.
By front the advisers, notaries of the king in Paris undersigned, were present Mrs Poisson, marchioness of Pompadour, the Saint-Florentin count, minister of state, lord de Moras, general inspector, Cassini de Thury, of the Academy of Science, stipulating as well on its behalf as like having load and capacity of monseigneur prince de Soubise, the duke of Bubble, the duke of Luxembourg, the marshal of Noailles, Buffon, the Mr Collin, president, Academy of Science de Corberon - for all which the known as sior Cassini promises and obliges to make ratify these present, consequently to make them oblige with their full and whole execution like with the fournissemens of the funds explained there in advance and the whole to provide act in form to be joined to the minute of these present in three months at the latest hardly - Mr Trudaine, to advise State, Feydeau de Marville, to advise State, of Novion, govern mortar, of Méliand, intendant of Soissons, Malesherbes, first president, of president de Mascarany, Montalembert, the Academy of Science, chair of Meslay, chair of Guibeville, Harriagues, Master of the accounts, Goislar, adviser at the Parliament, of Vaucel, large main of National Forestry Commission, Bitaut, adviser at the Parliament, Charlet, to advise in the Parliament, Henry and Henry of Fey, his brother, Bevel, Master of the accounts, Guinaumont, Master of the accounts, Fremin, Master of the accounts, Cassini the Elder one, Master of the accounts, Thomé, officer with the guards, of Chalier, Denizet, treasurer of France, of Frou, payer of the revenues, Herbert of Vaucel de Castelnau, Hévin, first surgeon of Madam Dauphine, Camus, of the Academy of Science, Perronnet, of Montigny, the Academy of Science, Prévost, of Bordered, farmer general, Duval, Quesnay, ordinary doctor of the king. Posterior associates: Monseigneur the duke of Choiseul, Mister Condamine, president Sarron, director, Mister de Montigny, Mr Capitaine, monseigneur the duke of Bubble, Mister de Lisle, Mr Prévost. Which, consequently of the approval and permission of the king, on the presentations which were made to him by Mr Cassini de Thury join to make continue work of the chart of France that Its Majesty made begin in 1750 and make it carry out with the highhest possible degree of accuracy, the more so as they have of another object in this company only the honor and the advantages which will return from there to the nation, after having taken communication again of the report containing the project of association transcribed at the head of these present, are agreed of what follows:
The known as lords and ladies and other people above-named join by these present to make continue the general chart of France and oblige to contribute each one for their part to the expenditure necessary until the whole execution, with the loads and conditions stated in the project transcribes the known as present ones at the head that they approve according to his form and content.
There will be in the company fifty shares including one for each associate. No one will not be able to yield its share or to sell it in all or by part without approval of the company which reserves the privilege to acquire this share if she by the way judges it by refunding with the owner the funds which he will have provided hitherto; and the aforementioned company could not be increased beyond the number of fifty, under some pretext that it is.
It will be chosen by the associates and in their numbers three directors who will have the control of all the businesses of the company, knowledge: direction of the works, distribution of the funds, the payment of the appointemens of the engineers and employees to work of the aforesaid the chart, the purchase of the goods and other unspecified expenditure relating to the execution of the known as project. And as it is necessary to provide without delay for all these objects and to resort to Its Majesty for the confirmation and approval of the aforesaid the company and of this act, by begging it to carry out the gifts, transfers and other graces mentioned to the known as project in the form of memory transcribed above that Its Majesty promised to grant to the company when it would be formed, the company chose and presented to Its Majesty for perpetual directors of the aforesaid the company Sirs Cassini de Thury, Camus and of Montigny, the Academy of Science, subjecting to their decision, after they are approved by His Majesty, all work, expenditure, uses of funds and provisions to make for the execution of the aforesaid the chart.
The company names for its treasurer Mr Borda, farmer general, associate, charging it with making the recouvremens funds and all the expenditure necessary on the mandemens signed by the three directors. It will hold register of all the receipts and expenditure made by its hands of which it will return accounts to the company, giving him to be able in its known as capacity as treasurer and associated to attend the assemblies of the directing sieurs where it will be entitled to vote for all that will be able to relate to the recouvremens, expenditure and handling of the funds belonging to the aforementioned company.
The company chooses and names for inspector of the engineer-geographers and draftsmen Mr Perronnet, general inspector of the Highways Departments, associated with the aforementioned company, charging it with examining all the subjects which will have been allowed with the examination by the directing sieurs, for the purpose of noting their capacity and good control before they can be employed in this quality. It gives him capacity to attend the assemblies of the directing sieurs where it will be entitled to vote for all that will be able to relate to the choice of the employees, the checking of the charts, engraving and the impression.
The company proposing to make continue the execution of the project of the aforesaid the chart on the level already known and approved by the Academy of Science while benefitting from the searchs and the lights for this company, it will subject the new chart for the examination by the Academy to make it appear under its auspices. And if it has suddenly been occupied one of the three places of director by dead where by resignation, it would submit with the Academy the choice of a new director among the associates engaged for the aforementioned company. The Academy will be requested to approve that the two general meetings of the company indicated above for each year, are held in the room of Louvre where it is assembled, at the days when the ditte room will be vacant.
In the event of died or of resignation, the places of director, treasurer and inspector of the engineers could be filled only by people chosen in the number of those which compose the aforementioned company
One will stop in the aforementioned assembly statement of revenues and expenditure made by treasurer previous year and it will to be ruled on funds that associates will to be obliged to make for expenditure of year current, relative with sum of four twenty thousand books at which they have be fixed by known as report in form of project, without they being able to exceed the aforementioned sum if it is not by deliberation taken in a convened general meeting on this subject, to which will be invited all the associates to be to them exposed by the director the reasons which could determine with this increase in expenditure.
When, by the decree of the receipts and expenditure made by the treasurer during the previous year, it is between its hands of the funds exceeding the expenditure, this exceeding funds will be charged to the four twenty thousand books of expenditure to make for the current year. And if it is not enough, the surplus will be provided by the associates on the distribution which will be made by it at a rate of one fiftieth for each share. As also when it is by the decree of the known as state of the funds beyond the four twenty thousand books, it will be made by it distribution between the associates for the refunding of the advances by them previously made, at a rate of one fiftieth for each share, per pokers which will be émargés associates by receiving the aforementioned distribution. Which could be made only after she is ordered by deliberation of the company in a general meeting.
The treasurer will hold a register in which it will carry in receipt all the vomines which will to be provided by associates, those which come from the sale of the charts or which could be given to the company by the states of the provinces which will wish to make work with the particular charts known as provinces, in particular those coming from the execution of the treaties made with the states of Burgundy, Bresse and of Artois, to the deduction of the sum of thirty four thousand books being allocated to the king for the advances that it made at the time of the clothes industry of the charts of the known as provinces, unless it does not like His Majesty to make transfer with the company of it.
The treasurer will pareillement carry pareillement on his register the payemens of the engineer-geographers, draftsmen and others called with the report in the form of project above, the purchases of the instruments, goods and other expenditure necessary whose payment could be made only on the ordinances and pokers which will be stopped by it by the directing sieurs, one whose will aim at the receipts of those employed in the known as ordinances and pokers.
The company obliges to carry out all that is exposed in the report in the form of project above transcribed and the clauses and conditions which are contained there. And with the case which it would be necessary to derogate from it for some particular reasons, one will be able to do it only under the terms of one deliberation taken in a general meeting where the reasons will be exposed which can give place to the known as changes. As also it obliges to meet the conditions of the treaties made by the sior Cassini de Thury with the states of Burgundy, Bresse and of Artois of which he will be delivered copy with each associate as well as this act-even of the treaties which could be made thereafter with the states of Languedoc, Provence and Brittany and others for the clothes industry of the particular charts, authorizing as of now the directors to make the known as treaties.
The directors will have inspection on the work and will take care that the engineer-geographers, draftsmen and other employees discharge work which will be entrusted to them with all the precision and possible diligence; and will make hold a register containing the names of the employees, work with which they will have been charged by each one year and the way in which they will have discharged some. On considering which register will be fixed the gratifications which will be granted to them after the execution of the known as work.
The directors will make diligences necessary to obtain Its Majesty the ratification of this act and letters of bearing exclusive privilege permission at the company to make engrave and print the aforementioned chart of France in the form which it was approved by Its Majesty, even in greater and small size and by reduction, to make them sell and output with its profit in all the kingdom during thirty consecutive years, with defenses with all people to sell and output to them known as charts without the permission express and written of the company, to counterfeit them in all or partly by extract or reduction, nor in (sic) introducing into the kingdom foreign engravings or impressions, hardly of confiscation and twenty thousand books of fine; to beg Its Majesty to continue its protection with associated for the continuation and perfection of the aforesaid the chart as with the engineer-geographers who will be sent in the provinces for this purpose; to agree to give the orders so that they receive the helps, assistances and facilitated which they will need to accelerate their operations.
After the king will have approved, ratified and confirmed this act with the project joined there, the associates will be held to give are hands of the treasurer the first next July the sum of sixteen hundred books, to which each one must contribute each year for the share that it has in the company, at a rate of four twenty thousand books for the total agreed upon for the annual and ordinary expenditure according to the project, and to pay to next years the sum of eight hundred books the first of January and on July 1st of each year, making sixteen hundred books per annum for the quota of each associate always in advance so that the engineers are not delayed inexecution of their works for lack of payment.
If some of the associates had suddenly died, their widows, children and heirs will succeed to them the load by being carried out the conditions carried to the present act and project and in particular contributing in advance of which they will be proportionally held with the shares that they will have in the company; and will have of the same share with the profits which will return from the sale of the known as charts for the refunding of the advances made by them and their authors. They will be able to even name a person to attend on their behalf the assemblies and to yield their rights to him, provided that them known as people ayent approved beforehand by the company.
If somebody of the associates neglected to make give between the hands of the treasurer at the end prescribed by article 16 of present act the share of the funds in advance which it must provide each year for the purpose of providing for the expenditure of the company - to know at July 1st, at January 1st of each year, since July 1st, 1756 until the winding-up of the company -, fault by him of satisfying within one month to begin term of the expiry, it will be considered to give up the full company, and without another formality it will be deposed consequently of straight to the product coming from the sales of the aforesaid the chart, its share remaining acquired at the company, without the present clause being able to be looked like simply comminatory under some pretext that it is.
Because thus and for the execution of present and dependences, the parts elected their residences in their residences; to which places notwithstanding, promising, kind, renonçant, etc
Fact and passed to Versailles and Paris, so much be residences of the parts which are studies, the June 25th, 27,28,30 of the same month, July 1st, 2,3,4,5,9,11,13,14,15,16,17 of same July, the whole the year 1756. And signed the remained minute of present at Mr Aleaume, one of the notaries in Paris. Undersigned: Aleaume and Mareschal, notaries, with paraphs. }}
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