See also: Charles

Charles de Habsbourg or Charles Quint , born the February 25th 1500 with Ghent in Flanders, current Belgium, and dead the September 25th 1558 with the monastery of Yuste in Spain, was Empereur of the Saint Worsens Germanic (1519 - 1555) under the name of Charles V of Germany, king d' Espagne and of the Spanish America under the name of Charles Ier of Spain (or Carlos I ), king de Sicile under the name of Charles IV (1516 - 1558) and duke of the Brabant under the name of Charles II of the Brabant (1515 - 1558).

Charles Quint is the produced of a series of alliances between many reigning families of Europe, which puts it at the head vaster territorial whole of Europe by simple heritages.

Last Germanic emperor to nourish the Carolingian dream of universal monarchy, Charles Quint sees his ambition of European unit breaking on the long strength to hegemony Habsbourg, opposed, inter alia, by the kings of France François I {{er}} and Henri II, but also on the irremediable religious tear caused by the Protestant Réforme starting from 1517. Discouraged, he abdicates his various crowns (1555 - 1556) and withdraws himself with the convent. The too disparate whole of its possessions, which obliges it during all its reign with exhausting voyages, from now on is managed separately by the Habsbourg of Spain and the Habsbourg of Austria.

Heritage and inheritance

Armorial bearings

The Armoiries of Charles Quint are a half-compartment which associates the maternal armorial bearings as a chief (Spain being most powerful of its states, with the discovery of Americas), and the paternal armorial bearings points some, modified by the addition of the blazon of the the Tyrol in the escutcheon in abyss.

The blazon is: half-compartment as a chief left into 1 quartered into 1 and 4, of mouths to the gold castle open and openwork of azure and into 2 and 3d' money with the lion of mouths armed, lampassé and crowned of gold, into 2 party into 1 of gold with four stakes of mouths and into 2 quartered in saltire of gold to the four stakes of mouths and money to the eagle of sand, accompanied at a peak by money to an apple grenade of mouths, tigée and laminated of sinople, and at a peak quartered into 1 of mouths to the money face, into 2 of sown azure of flowers of gold lily to the band componée ofmoney and of mouths, in 3 bandaged of gold and azure of six parts, with the edge of mouths and into 4 of sand to the gold lion, armed and lampassé of mouths, on the whole started from gold to the sand lion armed, crowned and lampassé of mouths and money to the éployé eagle of mouths, member and becqué of gold.

Biography

Until 1517, it is high with the Burgundian Netherlands where it has as a tutor Guillaume de Croÿ, lord of Chièvres, then receives its education of Adrien Florensz, Archevêque of Tortosa and future pope under the name of Adrien VI, and its aunt the archduchess Marguerite of Austria.

In 1506, with died of his/her father the king Philippe 1 {{er}} of Castille the Beautiful , Charles inherits the Burgundian Netherlands and the Franche-Comté.

In 1516, with died of his/her maternal grandfather Ferdinand II of Aragon, Charles becomes king of Castille, jointly with his/her mother Jeanne Insane the and also inherits the Aragon, the High-Navarre , Grenade, Naples, the Sicily, the Sardinia, the Balearic Islands, Malta, and of the possessions of the Spain in America.

In 1519, with died of his/her grandfather, Maximilien Ier of the Holy roman Empire, it inherits the territories of the Habsbourg in Austria and is elected Empereur of the Saint Worsens Romain Germanique, in competition with François I {{er}}.

Charles Ier of Espagnes

Charles receives the crown of Castille to the the Cortes of Valladolid in 1518. Its accession with the throne is however subjected to the following conditions:

  • the training of the Castilian (it received all its French education);

  • prohibition to promote foreigners;
  • the prohibition of exit of the kingdom for the noble metals coming from Americas;
  • a more respectful treatment of his/her mother, Jeanne the Insane one, recluse with Tordesillas.

The crowning of Charles is the starting point of the reign of the house of Austria on Spain, which lasts until in 1700 and the arrival of the Bourbons. In 1518, it receives the crown of Aragon with Saragossa and is the first monarch has to join together the two crowns.

Charles must face several disorders in his new kingdom. Between 1520 and 1521, it faces a revolt in Castille where its subjects refuse to accept the regent named by his care, Adrien of Utrecht and its Flemish court. The rebellion, carried out by Juan de Padilla is overcome at the time of the Bataille of Villalar. Charles agrees nevertheless to return the Flemings, including Adrien of Utrecht which it makes name pope later on, and entrusts the government of his subjects to Castilians.

Between 1519 and 1523, Charles must also face a rising armed in the area with Valence, the Germanías , of the name of these local Milice S, whose constitution is authorized since a Privilège granted by Ferdinand the catholic for the fight against the Barbaresque S. In 1520, benefitting from the abandonment of the city by the nobility following an epidemic of Peste, these militia, under the command of Joan Llorenç, seizes the power and refuses the dissolution pronounced by Adrien of Utrecht. The Balearic Islands are contaminated in their turn by the movement, which is overcome by the force only in 1523.

Americas

Under the reign of Charles Quint continues the conquest of the Nouveau World initiated under the catholic Kings. From 1521, Hernán the Cortes conquers the Nouvelle Spain - vast area which covers the current Mexico, the Central America and the south of the the current United States -, Francisco Pizarro subjects Tahuantinsuyu - the empire INCA - which becomes the Vice-royauté of Peru, and Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada takes the control of the kingdom of the Chibcha S - today in Colombia.

Juan Sebastián Elcano buckles the first round the world tour in (1522), completing the voyage started under the orders of Spanish Magellan and marking the beginning of the domination on the Filipino and the Mariannes.

In 1536, Pedro de Mendoza bases the town of Buenos-Surfaces on Right Bank of the Río of Plata. A little later in 1537, Asunción is founded by Juan de Salazar and Gonzalo de Mendoza, and becomes the center of the conquest and the administration of the area.

The emperor Charles Quint

The January 12th 1519, the death of Maximilien opens the succession with the imperial crown. This crown brings to its holder an addition of prestige and a certain diplomatic weight but does not add any territorial control. Charles, high from this point of view, is the natural candidate with the succession of his grandfather and must face the king Henri VIII of England, the duke albertin Georges of Saxony, known as Bearded the , and François Ist.

The competition is summarized quickly with a duel François against Charles . To convince the 7 German Prince-voters, the rivals use in turn of propaganda and sounding and stumbling arguments. The Austrian party introduces the king of Spain like resulting from true the tuck (Lignage), but the key of the election primarily resides in the capacity of the candidates to buy the prince-voters. The ecu S French are opposed to the Florin S and German Ducat S and Spanish but Charles profits from the determining support of Jakob Fugger, richissime banking of Augsburg, which emits bill of exchanges payable after the election and provided that Charles of Spain is elected , as well as brought richnesses of the American empire. Charles Quint is elected king of the Romans the June 28th 1519 and is crowned emperor with Aachen the October 23rd 1520. Its currency Always more oultre to its ambition of universal monarchy of Carolingian inspiration corresponds whereas it is already with the head of an empire on which the sun never lies down but nevertheless very heterogeneous.

Confrontations with France of François Ier

The competition with François I {{er}} mark the essence of the imperial history of Charles Quint. The king of France wants to continue the action initiated by his predecessors Charles VIII and Louis XII in the Italian peninsula. On his side, Charles Quint will not have of cease to recover the Duché of Burgundy on which it estimates - wrongly since this duchy had been given in Apanage - to have rights by his grandmother Marie of Burgundy, girl of Charles Bold the. Burgundy and Italy are the principal theaters where the two rivals clash, without none of both finishing carrying out its ambitions.

The first clash occurs in Royaume of Navarre. This kingdom, of which a part is located at north of the the Pyrenees - the provinces of in addition to-mounts or Low-Navarre starting from 1512 -, is under Spanish control since its conquest by Ferdinand d' Aragon in 1512. The Maison of Albret, which profits from the support of king de France François Ier, tries a reconquest in 1521. The Free-Navarreses benefit from a demilitarization partial of the kingdom due to the Guerre of the Communities of Castille and is based on the rising of the Navarrese people to take the capital, Pampelune. The rapid ressaisissement of the Spanish army and the strategic errors of the French general André de Foix do not make it possible to consolidate the victory and the troops of Charles Quint gain the victory with Noain over a largely lower army in manpower. After various seats and battles, a diplomatic agreement is signed: Chales Quint preserves the High-Navarre but restores the Low-Navarre at the house of Albret.

During this same year 1521, Charles Quint takes the initiative and opens two new faces. Pursuing his Burgundian goal, the emperor sends Franz von Sickingen and the count Philippe Ier de Nassau towards the north of France; the latter oblige Bayard to be locked up in Mézières besieged which it defends without capitulating in spite of the cannonades and the attacks. In Italy, Charles Quint forms a coalition with Henri VIII and the Papal States to counter the alliance of France and the République of Venice. The free-Venetian army is beaten at the time of the Bataille of the Shack; Charles Quint and his allies take again the Milanais. The imperial army enters to Provence but fails the seat of Marseilles. François Ier takes the head of a counter-attack but is severely beaten with Pavia in 1524 and becomes prisoner of the emperor. Charles Quint keeps the captive king of France with Madrid during more than one year, until the conclusion of the Traité of Madrid. Under the terms of this treaty, François Ier must, inter alia, to yield the Duché of Burgundy and the Charolais, to give up any claim on Italy, Flandres and Artois, and to marry Éléonore de Habsbourg, sister of Charles. François is released against the imprisonment during four years of his two oldest sons, the dolphin François de France and Henri de France (future Henri II).

Charles Quint does not benefit great from this treaty, that the king of France had judged besides good to declare impracticable his signature day before. The June 8th, the states of Burgundy declare solemnly that the province intends to remain French.

In 1526, a new league, sealed with Cognac is constituted, this time against Charles Quint. The Cognac league gathers France, England, the pope and the Italian principalities (Milan, Venice and Florence). The armies of the league enter to Italy and encounter a low resistance of the imperial troops, badly paid and weakened by the diseases. The seat is put in front of Naples but Rome is ransacked by the imperial army ordered by Charles of Bourbon. The head office of Naples is a failure and the troops of the league, weakened in their turn by the Malaria and especially the inversion of alliance of Andrea Doria, must withdraw Royaume of Naples. The circumstances seem to rebalance the forces of Charles Quint and François Ier and lead them to leave Marguerite of Austria, aunt of the emperor, and Louise of Savoy, mother of king de France, to negotiate a treaty which amends that of Madrid: the August 3rd 1529, with Cambric, is signed the Paix of the Ladies, which will be ratified by the two sovereigns. François Ier marries Éléonore of Portugal, sister of Charles Quint, recovers his children with the help of a ransom of 2.000.000 ecus and guard Burgundy; on the other hand, it gives up Artois, the Flanders and its sights on Italy.

In 1535, with died of the duke of Milan François II Sforza, François Ier asserts the heritage of the duchy. At the beginning of 1536, 40.000 French soldiers invade the Duché of Savoy, combined of Charles Quint, and stop at the border lombarde, in waiting of a possible negotiated solution. In June, Charles Quint counteracts and invades the Provence but runs up against the defense of the constable Anne de Montmorency. Thanks to the intercession of the pope Paul III, elected in 1534 and in favor of a reconciliation between the two sovereigns, the king and the emperor sign in 1538 with Nice a two years truce and promise to be linked vis-a-vis the Protestant danger. As a sign of good will, François Ier authorizes even the unrestricted passage through France so that Charles Quint can subdue an insurrection with Ghent.

Charles Quint having refused, in spite of his engagements, the nomination of the Duchy of Milan to one of wire of the king, a new war bursts in 1542. The April 11th 1544, François de Bourbon-Cop, count d' Enghien, with the head of the French troops, demolishes the marquis Alfonso de Avalos, lieutenant general of the imperial armies to the Bataille of Cérisoles. However, the army of Charles Quint, with more: 40000 men and 62 pieces of artillery, crosses the Lorraine, the Three bishoprices and crosses the border. Mid-July, part of the troops besieges the fortified town of Saint-Dizier, while the large one of the army continues its walk towards Paris. Serious financial problems prevent the emperor from balancing his troops, where the desertions multiply. On his side, François Ier must also face the lack of financial resources as to the pressure of the English who besiege and take Boulogne-sur-Mer. The two sovereigns end up granting a final peace in 1544. The treaty of Crépy-in-Laonnois reiterates the essence of the truce signed in 1538. France loses its suzerainty on the Flanders and Artois and gives up in its claims on the Milanese and Naples, but temporarily preserves Savoy and Piedmont. Charles Quint gives up Burgundy and his dependences and gives one of his daughters in marriage, equipped with the Milanese in prerogative, with Charles, Duc of Orleans and second wire of the king.

In 1552, after its reverses against the Protestant princes, it turns last once its weapons against France and besieges in vain the town of Metz, defended by François de Guise.

Charles Quint and the Reform

The reign of Charles Quint corresponds to the birth in Germany of the Lutherianisme. Crowned by the pope, the emperor cannot withdraw himself from the obligation of defense of the catholic faith and a reduction in the intensity of the conflict with François Ier enables him to stick to this mission.

The year even of his sacring, Charles Quint convenes the Diète of Augsburg. This diet is convened by the emperor to put the question of the tender of the princes of the Holy roman Empire converted with the Reform Lutheran. The meeting turns to its disadvantage, the princes of North reformists being united under the authority of Philippe de Hesse and of the voter Jean Frederic of Saxony.

The June 25th the Protestants present to the sovereign the Confession of Augsburg, text founder of the lutherianism written by Philippe Melanchthon (which replaces Luther, then with the round of applause of the Empire and not being able to be present at the diet) and Camerarius, which will be rejected by the catholic theologists. In spite of some conciliating modifications made by the careful Melanchthon disciple to the original text of Luther, Charles Quint makes it proscribe by the diet, where the catholic deputies are in majority.

The September 20th, Luther advises with the princes Protesting S to prepare with the war rather than to agree to compromise with the Catholic church, which succeeds beginning 1531 with the formation of the Ligue of Smalkalde carried out by Philippe de Hesse. The diet finishes the November 19th with the recès of Augsburg which confirms the edict of Worms: it orders to the princes united to subject before the April 15th 1531, to restore in their States the episcopal jurisdiction and to restore the goods of the Church.

Conscious of the need for reforming the Church and for solving the protesting problem, the pope Paul III convenes the Concile of Thirty, whose work starts the December 5th 1545. The Protestants do not recognize the council and the emperor starts the hostilities in June 1546, with an army equipped by the pope and ordered by Octave Farnèse, future duke of Parma, an Austrian army under the orders of his brother Ferdinand de Habsbourg and an army of soldiers of the Netherlands under the orders of the count of Buren.

Thanks to the support of the Prince-voter Maurice of Saxony, Charles Quint gains over Jean Frederic of Saxony the Bataille of Mühlberg in 1547, imprisons Philippe de Hesse and obtains the tender of the rebellious princes. In 1551, the same Maurice of Saxony carries out an inversion of alliance to deliver the Landgrave captive Hesse-Cassel retained by Charles-Quint. This last is constrained to treat and grant, by the Paix of Passau (1552), a general amnesty and the free exercise of the reformed worship. The October 3rd 1555, is signed the Paix of Augsburg which recognizes Protestantism in all the Empire according to the rule Cujus regio, ejus religio (the religion of the country is the religion of the prince).

Abdication of Charles Quint

October 25th 1555, weakened by old age and the diseases, turned sour by the reverses, Charles Quint abdicates solemnly, in the big room of the palate of Coudenberg in Brussels of its sovereignty on its not-Austrian possessions. The duchy of Burgundy-Frank County and the Netherlands are transmitted to his/her son Philippe.

A few months later, on January 16th 1556, it also transmits its Spanish heritage to him, while the Austrian possessions and the Germanic dignity of Roman Emperor, after election (March 24th, 1558), return to his/her younger brother Ferdinand Ier de Habsbourg.

Suffering from a drop particularly invalidating, and very marked by disappearance in 1555 of his/her mother Jeanne I {{Re}} of Spain known as Jeanne Insane the (in spite of their absence of emotional proximity), it withdraws in 1556 in its residential palate-monastery of Yuste close to Madrid in Spain where it dies two years later at the 58 years age, of the Malaria (endemic disease in the area until in 1960). It rests with the the Pantheon of the Kings d' Espagne to 40 km of Madrid on the royal site of Saint-Laurent-in-the Escurial built by his son Philippe II of Spain for him and all its descendants.

Marriage and descent

It Marie the March 11th 1526 with the infante Isabelle of Portugal (1503 - 1539), sister of the king Jean III of Portugal, itself married little time before with Catherine of Austria, younger sister by Charles Quint, to consolidate his alliance with the Spain and the Holy Germanic Roman Empire. From this union are born:

Illegitimate children are also known to him:

Charles Quint in arts

In literature

Charles Quint, under the name of Gift Carlos , is one of the main characters of the play Hernani of Victor Hugo. It described there for the period surrounding its establishment as an emperor.

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