Charles II of Navarre

Genealogy

Claiming with the crown of France

Charles de Navarre is the small son of Louis X Hutin which dies in 1316, two years only after that of his father Philippe the Beautiful one, marking the end of the miracle capétien : of 987 with 1316, the kings capétiens always had a son with whom to transmit the crown to their death. Of his first wife, Marguerite of Burgundy which was condemned for inaccuracy, Louis X Hutin has only one girl, Jeanne de Navarre. Her death, his second wife awaits a child. A son is born: Jean I {{er}} says Posthumous the, but he saw only a few days. New case hitherto, the direct heir to the kingdom of France is thus to be Jeanne de Navarre: a 12 year old girl. The decision which is made at this time is very important, because it became habit and was applied to the dynastic question which arose in 1328. The inaccuracy of the Marguerite queen is only one pretext for the ousting of his/her Jeanne daughter, and the choice of Philippe V (brother of Louis X Hutin) as king de France. In fact, it is about a geopolitical choice, the refusal to see a possible foreigner marrying the queen and directing the country. The choice of the French monarch is based on heredity and the sacring, but the election takes again its rights in the event of problem. The principle of the Salic law rises from the will of Capétiens to reinforce their possessions by attaching to the crown the strongholds of their vassal without male heirs: Philippe the Beautiful one had introduced the “clause of the masculinity”, according to the expression of Jean Favier, while revising, his death day before, the statute of the prerogative of Poitou which, “male fault of heir, would return to the crown of France”. This law dates from the Francs and stipulates that the women must be excluded from the “salic ground”. It is taken again, adapted to the situation and advanced like weighty argument in the arguments on the legitimacy of the king. After the court reigns of Philippe V, deceased without male heir, it is his younger brother, Charles IV, which, profiting from the precedent posed by its elder, girds in its turn the crown. But its reign lasts also little of time.

When this third and the last wire of Philippe the Beautiful one dies without male descendant in 1328, the dynastic question is the following one: Jeanne de Navarre does not have wire yet (Charles de Navarre is born only four years later), Isabelle de France, last girl of Philippe the Beautiful one, has a son, Edouard III, king d' Angleterre. Can it transmit a right which it cannot itself more early exert according to the fixed habit ten years? Edouard III proposes like candidate, but it is Philippe VI of Valois which is selected. He is the son of Charles de Valois, younger brother of Philippe the Beautiful one and thus goes down by the males from the line capétienne. The pars of France refuse to give the crown to a foreign king, according to the same logic of national policy as ten years before.

A posteriori the most direct applicant by the women remains Charles de Navarre, but it is born only in 1332 and thus in 1328 the choice of Philippe VI is most logical if one wants to prevent that Edouard III does not put the hand on the crown of France. On the other hand Charles de Navarre, who was flowers of Lilies of all with dimensions will put forward hoping that one entrusts to him at least possessions and responsibilities in connection with his line.

See also: Succession of Charles IV Beautiful the

Rights on the Angoumois, Champagne and the Brie

At the time of the ousting of Jeanne de Navarre (the mother of Charles), in 1316, one wishes to prevent that control too grounds can pass in hand foreign if she married with a foreigner: rather than to reassign the Brie and Champagne to him that his/her grandfather, Philippe Beautiful the, held his woman Jeanne I {{E}} of Navarre, one promises the to him Comté of Angouleme. However this county is never given to the Navarreses and Charles V can thus legitimately assert Champagne and the Brie. On the other hand the negociations of his/her mother, enable him to hold the Comté of Mortain, part of the Cotentin, and in the Vexin: Pontoise, Beaumont-on-Oise and Asnières-on-Oise.

Claiming with the duchy of Burgundy

The young Duke of Burgundy not having a heir, in the event of death, the Duché of Burgundy should fall to Charles de Navarre, according to the laws of primogeniture. This last is indeed the grandson of Marguerite of Burgundy (1290-1315), oldest daughter of the duke Robert II.

On the whole, Charles de Navarre is heir to the crown of Navarre and the Normandes possessions of Évreux, but it can claim with the crown of France, with the duchy of Burgundy if the young person Philippe de Rouvre had suddenly died without heir and with Champagne and the Brie if the county of Angouleme is not given to him.

Descent

Charles the Bad one has 8 children of Jeanne de France (oldest daughter of Jean II the good and of Good of Luxembourg) which it marries in 1352:

1. Marie de Navarre (1355-after 1420), married in 1393 in Alfonso d' Aragon
2. Charles III Noble the
3. Philippe de Navarre (1364-deceased in low age by accident)
4. Pierre de Navarre (1366-1412), count de Mortain, married in 1411 in Catherine d' Alençon; without posterity
5. Jeanne de Navarre (1370-1437), married in first weddings with his/her cousin Jean IV of Brittany, then in second weddings in 1403 with Henri IV of England
6. White of Navarre
7. Good of Navarre, deceased before his/her father
8. Isabelle de Navarre, high with the monastery of Santa Clara in Estella

Some illegitimate children should be added:

De Catalina de Lizaso:

9. Bastard Leonel of Navarre (1378-1413), knight, Viscount of Muruzabal de Andion, without alliance, it left 5 children with Epifania de Luna

of Catalina de Esparza:

10. Bastard Johanna of Navarre (? - 1413), married in 1378 in Johan de Béarn rider, captain of the castle of Doors in Bigorre; it was in 1381, the vassal one of his father-in-law for his stronghold of Murillo el Fruto

Biography

Beginning of reign

Charles de Navarre is born on October 10th, 1332, Philippe VI has been already king de France for 4 years and it is too late to dispute its crown. With died of his/her mother Jeanne II in 1349, Charles becomes king of Navarre. In 1350, it is crowned and crowned with Pampelune. He learns how to control with the Navarrese lords of Pampelune. Speaking the language perfectly, the verbal sparring matches with the the Cortes enable him to exert its talents of powerful orator. Because of the Cortes Spain is in advance on the level of the parliamentary representation on France. Accustomed to this type of be able, Charles de Navarre will be one of the principal promoters of the reform of French monarchy. After, the death of Philippe VI in 1350, Charles delegates to Louis its second brother the government of Navarre, and is devoted fully to the intrigues of course with an aim of defending the Navarrese interests.

Navarrese against Melun-Tancarville

Ousting of the crown of France

The Guerre One hundred Year old knows one period of truce since the Grande plague of 1349. The first part of the war was largely with the advantage of the English, Edouard III gaining victories crushing with the battles of the Lock and Crécy, then by taking Calais. The capacity of Valois is largely disputed: Edouard III and Charles, both descendants of Philippe the Beautiful one by the women, can assert the crown whose mother of Charles (Jeanne II of Navarre) should have inherited after death her father Louis X Hutin. Indeed, when the male branch of Capétiens is extinct in 1328, Philippe VI, first Valois, goes up on the throne in the place of Jeanne II of Navarre, the direct heiress, who receives in compensation the kingdom of Navarre. However, in 1332, when the latter puts at the Charles world the Bad one, one refuses with the newborn any royal future in the name of the principle according to which the women do not reign and do not transmit the Crown of France. Jean the Good take to court the other applicants by his very fast crowning (on September 26th, 1350) after the death of Philippe VI (on August 22nd, 1350). August 29th, with broad of Winchelsea, a squadron led by Charles of Cerda intercepts Edouard III suspecté to want to go to Rheims to be made crown king de France. The battles naval turns to the advantage of the English, but at the price of heavy losses and this last cannot be opposed any more to the sacring of Jean the Good.

The Navarrese party

As from 1350, Charles concentrates all his efforts towards the recovery of the grounds of Brie and Champagne that its great-grandfather, Philippe Beautiful the, held his woman Jeanne I {{E}} of Navarre.

Young king de Navarre then finds his more faithful supports for the center even of his family: he is the elder one and the chief of the powerful family of Évreux, equipped with rich person possessions in Normandy and in the valley of the Seine. His/her maternal aunt, the queen Jeanne d' Évreux, widow of the Capétien last, Charles the Beautiful one, supports it inlassablement. She will make work of diplomacy her life lasting for alleviating Jean the Good, then Charles V, exceeded by the repeated plots of her nephew. Philippe its first brother is impulsive and coleric but it renders service to him by negotiating foreign supports, in particular English. Charles delegates to Louis its second brother the government of Navarre. His/her parents having followed an active matrimonial policy, his/her sisters are married with powerful parties. White has just linked itself with old king de France Philippe VI. Marie is widowed of king d' Aragon. As for Agnes, it is the wife of powerful the count de Foix, Gaston Phébus.

Charles de Navarre can gather around him the dissatisfied ones with the reigns of first Valois. He is supported by his close relations and their allies: family of counts of Boulogne (the count, the cardinal, their two brothers and their relationship of Auvergne which in 1350 is seen évincés of the management of Burgundy by the marriage of their sister with the Jean the Good), barons Champagne faithful to Jeanne de Navarre (the mother of Charles and last Champagne countess) (Normandy and Picardy export their corn in England and the north of the kingdom gets Wool for it).

November 19th, 1350, Jean the Good one makes carry out the constable Raoul de Brienne. This one returns just of captivity to England. The causes of its execution remained secret but it seems that he was convinced of high treason. Indeed, it is about a gentleman whose field is shared between several kingdoms ((France, England and Ireland). As all the lords whose possessions have a maritime frontage in the west (except those whose fields are in the basin of the Seine and who can easily trade with Paris), it may find it beneficial to support England for economic reasons (the maritime transport being at the time more powerful than the surface transport, the Manche constitutes an intense zone of exchanges). It would have negotiated its release against the commitment to recognize Edouard III as king de France, that whose Jean the Good would have been informed by the interception of mails bound for the English sovereign. The king does not wish that spread because that would give ahead the problems of rights of Edouard to the crown of France. The emotion is sharp, Raoul de Brienne has many supports which line up then in the Navarrese camp: in particular Norman lords and the nobility of the North-West (of Picardy, Artois, Vermandois, Beauvaisis and the Flanders whose economy depends on the English wool imports) which could pass with dimensions English feel threatened and line up behind Charles de Navarre or combined faithful brothers of Picquigny of the constable. The shortly after the murder of the constable, Charles Bad writing with the duke of Lancaster: All the noble ones of Normandy passed with me to died to life , its Benjamin Adam qu recovered the load of Chambellan of Normandy, usually given Tancarville, and to his Guillaume junior who is him archbishop of Direction. In 1350, Jean the Good brings back in this party wire of Robert d' Artois by giving the Comté of Have to Jean d' Artois which was private paternal grounds and imprisoned with Castle-Strapping man with his two brothers and his mother following the treason of her father. The king had recovered the county of Have after having made carry out the Connétable Raoul de Brienne. The Artois enter of full foot the clan of Meulun-Tancarville when Jean Isabelle wife of Melun, girl of Jean of Melun. It is supported by his Bourbons cousins. But the incarnation of its party is its favorite Charles of Cerda. In 1352, this last marries Marguerite of Blois, girl of Charles of Blois, (the candidate with the succession of Brittany supported by the king of France) what is worth to him the support of Breton lords such as Bertrand of Guesclin. It also receives the support of its family: the Viscount Jean of Melun, his father-in-law, and the countess of Alençon, Marie of Cerda, her cousin, widow of the counts Charles of Stamps and Charles II of Alençon. It has its faithful in the royal army, like the marshal Arnoul d' Audrehem. He plays a skilful game, attracts with him members of families related since years to Évreux-Navarre to weaken the influence of the powerful Navarrese party which threatens the king. At the end of only 4 months, it returns to Paris.

Marriage with Jeanne de France

In 1352, the king thus decides to associate it with the crown by giving him the hand of his/her oldest daughter, Jeanne (which is only 8 years old). He hopes that, become " wire of the roi" , Navarre will give up its claims with the crown and will moderate its dashes against Valois. The business is regulated quickly, the king, who with the " keep féodale" of his/her young cousin, the minority of Charles de Navarre shortens. Charles the Bad one knows that the fact of marrying the girl of the king will not bring large thing to him, but the dowry of the bride is considerable: 100.000 ecus, paid on the incomes of the royal Currency (it must resort to a monetary Mutation to join together it. After having lengthily reflected, Navarre gives finally its agreement, in January 1353. But, by to an agreement between Jeanne de Navarre and the king of France, the girl of this last yielded the county of Angouleme against the châtellenies of Beaumont, Asnières-on-Oise and Pontoise. These châtellenies not having never been given, the county of Angouleme falls to Charles of Cerda!

Peace negotiations

Under the pressure of the Innocent pope VI, English, French and Breton negotiate peace in the Guerre One hundred Year old and in the War of succession of Brittany. The Breton conflict is indeed in a phase of status quo: Jean de Montfort supported by the English died and his/her son is only 4 years old; Charles of Blois, supported by the French, is prisoner with London and negotiates its ransom. Edouard III obtains, by the treaty of Westminster of March 1st, 1353, that n the other hand of the recognition of Charles of Blois like duke of Brittany, the latter begins to pour a ransom of 300.000 ecus and so that Brittany signs a treaty of perpetual alliance with England. This alliance must be sealed by the marriage of Jean (the son of Jean de Montfort) with the girl of Edouard III, Marie. The husbands being cousins, the marriage requires letters of canonical exemption that the pope would grant only with the approval of king de France. However Charles of Cerda married in March 1352 with Marguerite of Blois (the girl of Charles of Blois). Very near to king de France, it has its word to say in this negotiation and fact part of the plenipotentiary ones. Consequently, Charles the Bad one decides to make hood the negotiations and to seize itself of the person of Charles of Cerda, with an aim of influencing the course of the negociations. He passes to the action and makes assassinate Charles of Cerda the January 8th 1354, with the Eagle.

Assassination of the constable Charles of Spain

Charles de Navarre is carefully kept away of the council of the king and Charles of Cerda activates with détricoter his network of faithful. Obviously, all that can only make of it the mortal enemy of the Navarrese party, which spreads libelous rumors of Homosexualité to explain its bonds with the king.

When the king of France grants to his favorite, Charles of Cerda, known as Charles of Spain, the county of Angouleme and the load of constable. Charles de Navarre, sees isolated businesses of the kingdom, and its resentment against Jean the Good increases the more so as the constable is of a row much lower than his. The king still did not pour the promised dowry one year before at the time of the marriage and had not given the possessions promised to his/her son-in-law (chatellenies of Beaumont and Pontoise)

To spring 1353, a quarrel opposes the count de Longueville - and brother of Charles the Bad one -, Philippe de Navarre, with the constable, in the apartments of the king. This one shows the Navarrese to be a counterfeiter and a licensed liar. This last, exceeded, car its Scraping-knife and threatens the Favori of the king. Jean the Good brings back Philippe de Navarre to the reason. The constable leaves the scene under the insults of the insult which shouts revenge.

Philippe de Navarre withdraws himself on his grounds of Normandy. He learns, on January 8th, 1354, that Charles of Spain east in Normandy, and that he will spend the night to the inn of the “Sow-which-File” with the Eagle, he warns his brother and they encircle the inn to be seized of the person of the constable. The adventure turns to carnage and Charles of knelt Cerda and begging the Navarreses to save it is larded blows of sword per Philippe de Navarre. Combined with the English, it has the means of forcing the king of France to accept the assassination of its favorite. The February 22nd 1354, Jean the Good must accept concessions with the Traité of Mantes to avoid a resumption of the Guerre One hundred Year old. By this treaty, Charles II the Bad one, gives up claiming the châtellenies Asnières-on-Oise, Pontoise and Beaumont that the king had still not given to him. N the other hand, it receives the county of Beaumont-the-Roger, the castles of Breteuil, Conches and of Pont-Audemer, the field of the Cotentin with the town of Cherbourg, the Viscounts of Carentan, Coutances and Valognes in Normandy. It can receive the homage of the Norman lords who supported it. This treaty also gave him the permission to hold each year a chess-board, it will be able to return justice there without calls being able to be sent to the Parliament of Paris. On the whole, it receives all the prerogatives of the duke of Normandy without having the title of it. In addition, the assassination of Charles of Cerda compromised the Franco-English peace agreements: neither the War One hundred Year old, nor the War of succession of Brittany are regulated. Charles the Bad one is in strong position, it forever be also powerful.

Negotiations in Avignon

In November 1354, Charles the Bad one is invited to the peace negotiations of Avignon by the Pope. For him a peace treaty English Franco would be a catastrophe especially if Edouard III agreed to give up the crown. He thus concludes with the duke from Lancaster a pact which envisages the dismemberment of France: Edouard will receive the crown of France but will leave with his cousin Charles de Navarre Normandy, Champagne, the Brie, Languedoc and some other strongholds. But the English scalded by the ceaseless reversals of the Navarrese are wary and the promised unloading will never take place.

Arrest by Jean the Good

Jean the Good is informed plot of division of the country, is warped by Charles the Bad one and the English in Avignon, and decides to put it out of state to harm. The April 5th 1356, the dolphin and duke of Normandy invited in its castle of Rouen all the nobility of the province, to start with the count d' Évreux, Charles the Bad one. The festival beats full sound when Jean II emerges the Good, capped of a small basin and the sword with the hand, which comes to seize of Charles the Bad one while howling: How no one does not move if he does not want to be dead of this sword! . At his sides, his/her brother Philippe of Orleans, his son junior Louis by Anjou and his cousins of Artois form a threatening escort. Outside, a hundred riders out of weapons hold the castle. Imprisoned, Navarre gains in popularity; its partisans feel sorry for it and claim his freedom. Normandy thunders and many are the barons who disavow the homage lent to king de France and turn to Edouard III of England. For them, Jean the Good one exceeded his rights by stopping a prince with whom it however signed peace. Worse still, this gesture is perceived by the Navarreses like the fact of a king who knows himself illegitimate and hopes to eliminate an adversary whose only wrong is to defend its rights to the crown of France. Philippe de Navarre the brother of Charles the Bad one, sends his challenge to King de France on May 28th, 1356. The king who raised an army thanks to the taxes obtained by the General states of 1355 and 1356 against the control of finances by the States must prove that this money is well used. He must restore the prestige of Valois by making watch of bravery on the battle field. As for the cities, considering that they are ready to manage finances and even able than the nobility to overcome the English (the Flemings succeeded in well showing at the time of the battle of Courtrai that tisserands could overcome the royal ost), they send troops to fight with the ost in Poitiers. But the stake being to show that the nobility remains able to ensure the protective mission which is his in the feudal company, these troops are returned by Jean the Good. September 19th, with the Battle of Poitiers, English makes proof, once again, of the tactical superiority conferred by the long arc; this superiority obliges the French knighthood, from which mountings are not protected at the time, to charge with foot, but it is easily is swept by a load of the English cavalry. To prove his legitimacy and refusing to leave the battle field, Jean the Good fights heroically with his closer faithful. However it is unfortunately made prisoner by the English, but saves his crown.

Alliance with Etienne Marcel

The ordinance of 1357

The mercenaries demobilized after the Bataille of Poitiers gather in Grandes companies and plunder the country. It is necessary to finance a standing army to avoid these plunderings which involve a strong popular discontent. The oldest son of the king, the Dolphin Charles, is regent in the absence of his father, but it is only 18 years old, little personal prestige (the more so as it left the battle field of Poitiers contrary to his father and his brother Philippe Bold the), little experiment and must carry on its shoulders the discredit of Valois. It is surrounded of the members of the Conseil of the king of his father, who are very décriés.

The General states meet on October 17th, 1356. The dolphin, very weakened, will encounter a strong opposition: Etienne Marcel, with the head of the middle-class, combined with the friends of Charles Navarre, gathered around the bishop of Laon, Robert the Cock. The General states, declare the dolphin lieutenant of the king and defender of the kingdom in the absence of his father and associates to him a council of twelve representatives of each kind.

The States require the dismissal of the most compromised advisers (honnis to have brutally devaluated the currency on several occasions), the capacity to elect a council which will assist the king as well as the release of the Navarrese. The dolphin close to the reforming ideas is not against the granting of a more important role of the States in the control of monarchy. On the other hand, the release of Charles de Navarre is unacceptable because it would put an end to the reign of Valois. Not enough powerful to be able to refuse from the start these proposals, the dolphin defers its answer (pretexting the arrival of messengers of its father. Six representatives of the States enter to the council of the king who becomes a Trusteeship Council. The royal administration is supervised closely: the monetary finances, and particularly changes and extraordinary subsidies, are controlled by the States.

Release of Charles de Navarre

A government of the regent controlled by the States with its approval is thus set up. Two councils cohabit: that of the Dolphin and that of the States. But for the reformers and particularly the Navarreses that is not enough: the return of the king of captivity can put an end has this institutional test. The States thus organize the release of Charles de Navarre who can claim with the crown and is always locked up with the fortress. However to clear itself vis-a-vis the dolphin, one gives to this release a spontaneous character giving him the aspect of a knack of faithful Navarreses (brothers of Picquigny). The return of Charles de Navarre méticuleusement is méticuleusement organized: it is released on November 9th, it is received with the protocol reserved to the king in the cities which it crosses, accommodated by the notable ones and the crowd joined together by the States. The same ceremonial reproduces in each city from Amiens to Paris: it enters with a splendid escort, is received by the clergy and the middle-class men in procession, then it harangue a very acquired crowd, explaining why it wrongfully was despoiled and imprisoned by Jean the Good whereas it is of right-hand side royal line. Put in front of the accomplished fact, the dolphin cannot refuse the request of Etienne Marcel and Robert the Cock and signs letters of remissions for the Navarrese who carries out his triumphal return quietly. November 30th it harangue: 10000 Parisian joined together by Etienne Marcel with Pre with the Clerks. The 3 décembr, E Etienne Marcel is invited with a strong middle-class party with the council which must decide rehabilitation of Charles de Navarre, under pretext of announce that the States joined together with the cordeliers agree to raise the tax requested by the dolphin and that there remains only the agreement of the nobility to be obtained (which meets other states separately). The dolphin can yet only agree and to rehabilitate Charles the Bad one, but, worse still, the States must solve the dynastic question on January 14th 1358. The crown of Valois is threatened. Charles Mauvais exploits the month of waiting to make countryside. January 11th, in Rouen, it organizes an expiatory ceremony rehabilitating the Norman lords decapitated during his arrest. What it does in large pump to allure the nobility and the middle-class Normans. The dolphin, on its side, is active by organizing the defense of the country against the many mercenaries who, for lack of balance, plunder the country. The marshals of Normandy, of Champagne of Burgundy go to its court. It makes assemble on Paris an army of: 2000 men come from Dauphine under pretext of protect Paris from the exactions from the Companies. That also pressurizes the city. January 11th, he addresses himself to Parisian to the markets, explaining why he raises an army and asking the States why defense country is not ensured in spite of the money taken at the time of the liftings of taxes: it is a success and Etienne Marcel must organize of another meetings cored by his partisans to put it in difficulty. January 14th, the States are not able to get along on the dynastic question, nor about the lifting of a new tax, and, to reinflate the cases of the State, one decides on a new monetary change. The spirits warm up against the States, for the greatest benefit of the dolphin. It accepts in January 1358 the first treaty of London which envisages:

the transfer in full sovereignty of the old possessions of Aquitaine of the Plantagenêt (1/3 of the country): The Guyenne (put under Made by Philippe VI at the beginning of the conflict), the Saintonge, the Poitou, the the Limousin, the Quercy, the Périgord, the Rouergue and the Bigorre.
a ransom of 4 million ecus.
Edouard III does not give up the crown of France.

The assassination of the marshals

The news of acceptance by Jean the Good of the first treaty of London which yields one the third of the territory to England causes an outcry from which Etienne Marcel will profit. February 22nd 1358, Etienne Marcel starts a riot bringing together three thousand people whom he convened out of weapons. The Champagne marshal Jean de Conflans and the marshal of Normandy Robert de Clermont are killed in front of the prince, who is covered with their blood and believes his threatened existence. Marcel obliges it to cap to the red and blue hood rioters (with the colors of Paris) whereas even the hat of the Dolphin puts to him and to renew the ordinance of 1357.

He saves it because he underestimates it and thinks of being able to control it easily: it is a heavy error. Extremely of the ascending one that it estimates to have on the Dolphin that it will make name regent, it thinks of being able to do without Charles de Navarre whom it pushes to leave Paris. Etienne Marcel moves then on the place of Strike where he thanks crowd for encouraging them to eliminate traitors of the kingdom . He writes at the provincial towns to justify his gesture, but only Amiens and Arras give signs of support, Charles the Bad one receives a military command and what to finance an army of: 1000 men, the dolphin obtains to become regent of the kingdom what makes it possible not to take account of the decisions of the king more as long as it is in captivity (and in particular unacceptable peace treaties).

To ratify this new ordinance and to validate its tax contents in particular one needs the agreement of the nobility of which a part does not want to meet any more in Paris (in particular Champenois and Burgundian scandalized by the assassination of the marshals). The nobility must meet in Senlis it is the occasion from which the dolphin awaited to leave Paris (what it does on March 17th). Etienne Marcel, thinking of controlling it associates 10 Middle-class men to him to represent it and monitor the dolphin.

He takes part in the States of Champagne which take place on April 9th with Provins, he is supported by the nobility of the East of the kingdom and the Parisian delegates are put in difficulty. Extremely this support, the dolphin seizes the fortresses of Montereau and Meaux. The access of Paris by the East is blocked.

The dolphin then joined together the General states with Compiegne. They decide the taking away of a tax controlled by the States, a monetary reinforcement (the currency not having more to move until in 1359), on the other hand they give up the will to control the council of the dolphin.

The repression of the Jacquerie

Captain of Paris

Once crushed the Jacquerie, Charles de Navarre which brought back the order returns to bets, on June 14th 1358, to be posed as a chief. But, most of the nobility which was with its with dimensions against the Jacques does not follow it in this step and remains behind the regent who knew to gain his confidence. Charles the Bad one is established in Saint Denis. He is made captain of Paris by acclamation and Etienne Marcel sends letters in all the cities of the kingdom so that he is made “universal captain”. The dolphin wants at all costs to avoid a blood bath which would discredit it and wishes a negotiated solution. It thus does not make give the attack and continues the blockade by hoping that the situation is released. But the English mercenaries who defend the capital are regarded as enemies and attract each other the enmity of the Parisian ones. July 21st, following a brawl of tavern which degenerates into street battle 34 English archers are massacred. Parisian of the weapons seize of them 400 qu' they want to subject to ransom. Their chiefs supporting the enemies of the country against the regent and the rabble, the Parisian ones feel betrayed and disunite themselves of Etienne Marcel, the more so as Charles de Navarre await his Philippe brother who must arrive with Anglais3 reinforcements. The noise runs that Philippe de Navarre arrives with: 10000 English and the Parisian ones fear that they do not avenge their comrades and plunder the city. Etienne Marcel must open the doors to them. the alderman Jean Maillard and Pépin of Essart convince the Middle-class men to require the assistance of the regent. July 31st 1358, at dawn, Etienne Marcel is surprised, in front of the Saint-Anthony Door, whereas it makes sure of the access to the capital and is put at died on the spot. The dolphin believing more was in it moving towards the Dauphine one when the news is brought to him. It enters triumphantly bets on August 2nd, it has the clean hands and after having forgiven with the Parisian ones. There is only very little repression, only 15 people are carried out for treason (Etienne Marcel included/understood). He takes care not to despoil the close relations of carried out while rewarding his allies (for example of the marriages with the widows are organized which make it possible to reconcile the interests of the ones and others).

Conflict against the king and the Dolphin

Charles de Navarre who was stationed with his men with Saint Denis escapes the reversal from the Parisian ones. He receives the English reinforcements brought by his brother. These mercenaries were not balanced, they have evil to hold them and let them plunder Saint Denis on August 3rd. They are folded up on their possessions of the valley of the Seine where the English captains settle, holding to ransom the campaigns and the river traffic. The dolphin does not have the means of dislodging them. Faults of the essential resources (the urgent one is of débarasser the country of the companies) the conflict turns to the cold war, the king then the dolphin trying to neutralize Charles de Navarre who remains dangerous claiming with the crown, or at the very least with the introduction of a powerful principality which could be combined with English.

Intrigues in Béarn

In 1359, returned in Navarre and isolated by the failure from the reforming party, it Marie her sister Agnes fallen madly in love with Gaston Phébus the count de Foix and with Béarn. This marriage has also a political interest because the possessions of Gaston Phébus overlap Guyenne English and the grounds of the kingdom of France and this last, while playing on the 2 tables, succeeded in obtaining an independence in fact: an alliance between the powerful county of Foix and Navarre would be a good guarantee against the expansionist sights of its powerful French neighbors, English or Aragonese the more so as in Bearn the salic law does not apply and that in the absence of heir the county would return to Agnès. Once remarié, the count de Foix takes many amantes with considering and known of all and generates two hybrid wire: Yvain and Gratien. He repudiates Agnès as soon as she is confined, in 1362, of Gaston his son legitimate who is educated far from his mother sunken in Navarre: he thus attracts himself the hatred of the Navarreses who undertake to make it poison by his/her own Gaston son. The young prince, denounced by his Yvain half-brother, is imprisoned.

Confiscation of the duchy of Burgundy

It is the succession of Burgundy which revives the conflict. Indeed, in 1361, after the death of the duke Philippe Ier of Burgundy, the Duché of Burgundy should normally have fallen, according to the laws of primogeniture, to its second cousin who is not other than Charles II of Navarre. This last was indeed the grandson of Marguerite of Burgundy (1290-1315), oldest daughter of the duke Robert II. The duchy of Burgundy was then taken again by the king Jean II '' the Good '' (1319-1364), king de France (1350-1364), claiming with the heritage as being closest to the young duke of many civil degrees (as wire of Jeanne of Burgundy (v. 1293-1348) (v. 1293-1348), second girl of Robert II (1248-1306), duke of Burgundy (1272-1306).

The battle of Cocherel

In 1364, Jean the Good, released following the treaty of Brétigny, is turned over to constitute itself captive in England because of his Louis son who as an hostage is escaped of Calais. Like dolphin Charles continuous to ensure regency, Charles the Bad one believes then in his star. He makes embroider his banner with the weapons of France and Navarre, posting thus clearly his intentions. The counterpart is immediate. The dolphin issues the confiscation of the goods which the Navarrese has in Normandy and entrusts to Bertrand of Guesclin the mission of delivering the sentence executory. It is thing made in less than one week. Mantes, Meulan and several other places on the Seine are invested. But the dolphin is not at the end of its sorrows because the troops recruited by Charles the Bad one in Navarre and Gascogne arrive soon to Normandy. Their commander Jean de Grailly, Gascon and vassal of king d' Angleterre, is not other than the winner of Jean the Good in Poitiers. But vis-a-vis him a not less draws up shining strategist in the person of Of Guesclin. The adversaries go in découdre, with Cocherel, close to the Eure, on May 16th, 1364. Thanks to a skilful encircling movement, the troops of Grailly are defeats in a few hours. The victory is bright. Charles the Bad one, remained with Pampelune, learns the news on May 24th. But it is too already much late.

Whereas both Charles furbish their weapons, Jean the Good dies in London, on April 8th, 1364. The way is free for the dolphin which learns the victory from Cocherel whereas it is on the way for Rheims, where it is crowned king on May 19th.
Now, the king Charles V intends to impose his authority on all the vassal ones, including with most recalcitrant. Also he with the French prisoners of the army of Charles de Navarre refuses the right to the ransom and the fact of decapitating like traitors. However, if Charles the Bad one does not have any more a hope to cap the crown of France, it preserves, in spite of Cocherel, of many fortified towns in Normandy, to start with its Évreux capital. Charles V makes pressure on Jeanne de Navarre so that its fortresses cannot be used by the troops of its rival. But, during the autumn, it recovers its conquered goods earlier a few months by Of Guesclin. It is however there only fire of straw because finances of the Navarrese are with lowest. Its chance is that at the same time, Charles V has only one concern: to pare the English out of France. And with this intention, it does not require as well for a new victory over king de Navarre as of a durable peace.

He proposes as of 1365 to exchange Mantes, Meulan and Longueville against Montpellier. The negotiations trail during 5 years, during which the Navarrese tries to obtain a treaty of perpetual alliance with the English. But those are being wary, because of its ceaseless reversals of which they were already victims.

It signs in 1365 the treaty of Saint-Denis with the king Charles V where it gives up his claims with the throne of France. In March 1365, to the Treated of Avignon, both Charles agree on an exchange. King de Navarre yields to king de France his possessions of Basse-Seine in Normandy (Mantes, Meulan and the county of Longueville), strategic places on the road of Paris. In exchange, Charles V gives up with his cousin the city and the seigniory of Montpellier. Liberalities of the king well quickly prove to be a poisoned gift because, very little enthusiastic, Montpelliérains refuse to pass to king de Navarre.

Castilian conflict

In France Charles V benefits from the respite obtained thanks to the Traité of Brétigny which paralyzes the English (very begun again conflict would involve the cancellation of the immense territorial transfers conceded with this treaty) and the victory of Cocherel which put out of state to harm Charles de Navarre for a few times, to get rid of the companies and to start again the economy. It reaches that point while constituting thanks to the introduction of permanent taxes, and with the policy of the prerogatives of the standing armies directed by his brothers who gradually take again all the fortified towns held by the companies. The prospects in France becoming more difficult for them, it becomes easier to persuade them to enlist in a crusade towards Spain financed by the too happy pope to get rid of these mercenaries who hold the valley of the Rhone and subject Avignon to ransom. The real stake of this forwarding is very different: it acts for the kings of France and Aragon to get rid of the king de Castille Pierre Cruel the which in the event of alliance with the English would threaten Aragon and would put in danger the French projects of reconquète of Guyenne. It is Bertrand of Gesclin which takes care of the business and which puts Henri de Transtamare faithful combined of Valois on the Throne of Castille. But Pierre who promised to balance the troops recruited by Prince Noir is quite unable to honor his promise and this last returns ruined in Aquitaine and must dissolve its army which devastates Languedoc then.

Henri benefits from the situation to reform an army in addition to the Pyrenees, the king Charles V, by the Traité Acute-Dead, again placing at his disposal the Large companies ordered by of Guesclin.

The troops of Henri de Transtamare quickly conquer the kingdoms of Castille and of León and as of April 1367 put the seat in front of Tolède. The seat lasts 9 months, during which Henri II signs with France the Traité of Tolède, which engages it with a durable peace as of its final accession with the throne of Castille. Pierre the Cruel one arrives at the help of Tolède with an army primarily made up of Moors and Juifs. He faces his half-brother with Campo de Calatrava (Castille it Manche) and there undergoes a door demolished the March 13rd 1367. He takes refuge in the castle of Montiel with some faithful.

Pierre the Cruel one tries to bribe of Guesclin which seems to favorably accommodate its proposal but which actually informs Henri. Put in presence one of the other, the two half-brothers start a combat with the body-with-body. Pierre the Cruel one seems to carry it until the intervention of of Guesclin which allows the victory of Henri and the execution of Pierre Ier of the own hand of this dernier.
Henri becomes definitively new king de Castille under the name of Henri II, and kingdom crowns it passes with the hands of the Maison of Ivrée to those of the house of Trastamare.

Returned ruined of Castille, Prince Noir must raise a tax to Aquitaine what is very badly perceived in the territories recently last under English control and which undergo its fault the return of the companies. Jean of Armagnac disputes this tax before the court of justice of Paris. While agreeing to answer its call, the December 3rd 1368, Charles V makes act of sovereignty on the Guyenne. It opens the door with the rallying of the grounds granted the English with the Traité of Brétigny: the reconquest is carried out largely by the reversal of the towns of Aquitaine often monnayé against promises of lighter taxation. English does not have financial means to be opposed to the war of seat and reversals which it must undergo on all the faces vis-a-vis armies coordinated at the level of each prerogative and ground by the war against the companies: The English fortified towns fall the ones after the others.

Noting that Navarre is encircled by Free-Castilian alliance and that the English are in difficulty, Charles de Navarre take the initiative and returns to France to sign on March 26th 1371 the Traité of Vernon: it accepts the conditions of 1365 and on March 25th, 1371, Charles the Bad one, knee with ground, ready for the first time liege homage to its sovereign Charles V for all the grounds which it holds in France, which it had always refused and promises " to him; faith, honesty and obéissance". It seems definitively neutralized for the race with the crown of France, but it continues to play its chart in Spain.

The plot of 1378

Engaged pursuant to the Treated of Libourne against king de Castille, Henri II known as Henri de Trastamare (who will be poisoned in 1379 at his instigation), the troops of the Navarrese defeats have of another exit only to call the English with the rescue. It is an aubaine for the young person Richard II of England which includes/understands at once the interest of such an alliance. King de Navarre, who has the county of Évreux and Cotentin, can, n the other hand of reinforcements, to place at the disposal of the English the wearing of Cherbourg. The agreement is concluded in February 1378. In exchange of a troop of 1.000 men, Charles de Navarre yields Cherbourg to Richard II for three years.

At the end of March 1378, the count de Foix informs Charles V that his/her Navarre cousin negotiates a secret agreement with the English. The rumor also speaks about a plot aiming at poisoning the king. At once, the chamberlain of Charles the Bad one, Jacques de Rue, is stopped whereas it goes to Paris. The searching of its effects makes it possible to discover the instructions entrusted by its Master. Taken with the trap, the chamberlain passes to the consents. In addition to the business of Cherbourg, Jacques de Rue confesses a project of marriage between Richard II and a infante of Navarre, rt confirms the rumor of the plot aiming at poisoning Charles V.

The treason and the clearly established attempt at regicide justify the intervention of the troops of Charles V which occupy the castles of Navarre in Normandy. The men of Of Guesclin invest in turn Conches, Carentan, Mortain, Avranches. Only, the fortress of Bernay seems to resist, held by the secretary of the Navarrese, Pierre of the Hillock. But this last has of another idea only to obtain a honourable rendering and to save its life. Finally, on April 20th, it returns the weapons. At the same time, Montpellier, possession of king de Navarre since 1371, are occupied by the royal troops whereas the Castilians prepare to attack Pampelune, capital of the Navarrese kingdom. All the building of Charles the Bad one crumbles at the same time as its dreams of being able. The test is however not finished. King de Navarre must still wipe the humiliation of the lawsuit of his right-hand men and the public revelation of his crimes.

The lawsuit of Jacques de Rue and Pierre of the Hillock opens in June before the Parliament. In addition to the consents of the chamberlain, the men of Charles V discovered in the tower of Bernay of other dependant elements: coded documents intended for the English, instructions for the defense of the places Normans, order not to go to the French. The Navarreses plead fidelity with their king and reject the charges of treason and lese-majesty. It is to make little case of the oath of 1371, by which Charles the Bad one promised " faith, honesty and obéissance" in Charles V. the judges do not accept this defense and, on June 16th, condemn to dead the two men. After having had their grace refused by Charles V, condemned are decapitated, their heads are exposed to the gibet of Montfaucon.
Charles de Navarre definitively lost his duel against Charles V. It now is isolated, dispossessed of his goods and released by his subjects, tired to pay for adventurous intentions which hardly relate to them. After having betrayed all the parties at the same time, it was made enemies as well as it is forced to escape from the difficulty to give up a portion of its States (1379). Thus, more solved enemies of the dynasty of Valois fall into a forfeiture which will oblige it, until its death in 1387, with living of expédients and loans. Informed finally by the adversity, it will spend the last years of its life in peace, dealing only with the administration of its kingdom.
January 1st 1387, Charles de Navarre dies accidentally in atrocious circumstances. Whereas it was strongly exhausted and that it had fallen in failure because of its vices, its doctors recommended to wrap it in a cloth soaked with Eau-de-vie in order to revive it. But an awkward servant put fire at cloth, which caused the death of the king de Navarre.
His/her son Charles III '' Noble the '' succeeded, will retain the lesson to him and will be of a indéfectible fidelity to kings de France.

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