See also: Charles
Charles II of England (May 29th 1630, London - February 6th 1685, Whitehall), becomes king d' Angleterre, of Scotland and Ireland the May 29th 1660.
He was the son of Charles I {{er}} and of Henriette Marie de France, girl of Henri IV of France, and sister of Louis XIII.
Birth
With its birth, as an oldest son surviving (1) of Charles Ier, it automatically receives the title of Duc of Cornouailles and Duc of Rothesay, before receiving little time after that of Prince de Galles. But because of the civil war, it is never formally invested.(1) makes of It second wire of Charles Ier
Civil war
See also: First English revolution
With died of his/her father Charles I {{er}}, carried out the January 30th 1649 at the time of the civil war, monarchy is replaced by the military dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell. It is then taken refuge in Holland. It takes the title of king at once, unloads in Scotland where it finds partisans and is made crown with Scone (1651). But, after the defeats of Dunbar and Worcester, it is exiled in France, where it lives in the destitution, before being collected by his uncle, Guillaume II Prince d' Orange, with $the Hague.
The October 9th 1652, England enters in war with the United Provinces. Cromwell is named Lord Protecteur, the December 16th 1653. He dies the September 3rd 1658, his son Richard succeeds to him then, but must yield the capacity in May of the following year. The general George Monck, governor of Scotland, fears that the nation does not sink in anarchy and seeks to restore monarchy. In February 1660, Monck and its army goes on London, and with the popular support, it forces the Parliament to dissolve.
Restoration
See also: English Restoration
The May 25th 1660, Charles II unloads in Dover. The 29, it returns to London, and the very same day, day of its thirtieth birthday, it is proclaimed king.
It grants the amnesty to the partisans of Cromwell, except for those implied in the execution of his father. Some of the regicides are carried out in 1660, others are condemned to the imprisonment with life. The body of Oliver Cromwell is subjected to unworthiness and the execution postmortem .
The crowning of Charles takes place the April 23rd 1661 with the Abbaye of Westminster.
Benefitting little from the example of his father, Charles II breaks like him several Parliaments, wanting to only control, it is surrounded corrupted ministers (see Ministère of the cabal). Avid of pleasures, it employs all kinds of means to get money, sells Dunkirk with Louis XIV, and receives for a long time a pension of this monarch. The dissatisfaction raised by its control gives rise to the party of the whig S, opposed to that of the torie S, and with several conspiracies, which become in their turn the occasion of bloody executions: one quotes in the number the Conspiration of Rye-House, followed torment of Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney. The Plague in 1665 and the Grand fire of London in 1666 still add to misfortunes of the time.
See also: Literature of the English Restoration
One owes with this prince the foundation of the royal Société of London (1660). Its reign is remarkable by progress of the literature, but more still by the dissolution of manners which extends from the court towards all the classes of the company.
Foreign politics
In 1662, Charles marries the infante of Portugal Catherine de Bragance (° Vila Viçosa 1638, † Lisbon 1705) which brings to him in dowry the territories of Bombay and Tangier. The same year, it sells Dunkirk with Louis XIV for the sum of £40.000.In recognition of their assistance in his fight to gain the throne, Charles allots North America, then named Caroline, in the memory of his father, with eight noble in 1663.
The Navigation Acts 1650, already causes first Dutch war (1652 - 1654), are also pretext with a second conflict (1665 - 1667). This one starts well for England, by the capture of the New Amsterdam (renamed later New York in the honor of the brother Jacques, Duc of York, future Jacques II of England), but in 1667, the Netherlanders launch an attack surprised by going up the the Thames. Almost all the British fleet then with quay is run except for the flagship, royal Charles, brought back in trophy to the Netherlands (the maker badge of the ship is always visible with the Rijksmuseum of Amsterdam). The second Dutch war ends with the signature of the Traité of Breda in 1667.
Charles benefits from the conflict to draw aside the Clarendon lord of the House of Commons. He designates it as person in charge of the war. Convinced of high treason, which condemns it to the capital punishment, Clarendon is run away in France. The capacity is given to a group of five politicians (see Ministère of the cabal): Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford de Chudleigh, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st count de Shaftesbury, George Villiers, 2nd duke of Buckingham, Henry Simpleton, 2nd count d' Arlington and John Maitland, 1st duke of Lauderdale.
In 1668, England is combined with the Sweden, and its former enemy Holland, in order to be opposed to Louis XIV in the Guerre of Devolution. Louis, forced to make peace with triple alliance, continuous maintain its intentions aggressive. In 1670, Charles, seeking to solve his financial troubles, accepts the Traité of Dover, according to which Louis XIV must pour £200 to him 000 every year. In exchange, Charles agrees to provide to Louis troops and to convert with the Catholicisme. Louis must also provide him 6.000 soldiers to replace those which were opposed to conversion. Charles tries to make sure that the Treaty - particularly the clause of conversion - remains secret. Conversion does not constitute a real intention of Charles.
Succession
No child of its marriage with Catherine de Bragance survived and the succession thus returned to his/her younger brother Jacques II of England.Charles did not have legitimate heirs but it had many illegitimate children. He recognizes 14 of them, including Barbara Fitzroy, who was certainly not him.
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With Lucy Walter (1630 - 1658)
- With Elizabeth Killigrew (1622 - 1680)
- With Catherine Pegge, Lady Green
- With Barbara Palmer (1640 - 1709) (born Villiers), countess of Castlemaine and duchess of Cleveland
- Anne Palmer “Fitzroy” (1661 - 1722)
- Charles Fitzroy (1662 - 1730), future Duke of Southampton (1675), Duke of Cleveland (1709)
- Henry Fitzroy (1663 - 1690), future Count d' Euston (1672), Duke of Grafton (1709)
- Charlotte Fitzroy (1664 - 1718), countess of Lichfield
- George Fitzroy (1665 - 1716), future Count de Northumberland (1674), Duke of Northumberland (1683)
- Barbara (Benedicta) Fitzroy (1672 - 1737) - It is recognized like girl of Charles, though probable girl of John Churchill, later Duc of Marlborough
- With Eleanor “Nell” Gwynne (1642 - 1687)
- With Louise Renee de Penancoët de Keroual (1648 - 1734), duchess of Portsmouth (1673)
- Charles Lennox (1672 - 1723), future Duke of Richmond (1675)
- With Mary “Moll” Davis
- Other mistresses:
- Hortense Mancini, duchess of Mazarin
- Winifred Wells - lady-in-waiting of the queen
- Mrs Jane Roberts - girl of an ecclesiastic
- Mary Sackville (in the past Berkeley, born Bagot) - countess of Falmouth
- Elizabeth Fitzgerald, countess of Kildare
Contemporary events
- 1643 : Died of Richelieu, Battle of Rocroi, victory of the prince de Condé over the Spaniards
- 1650: Died of Guillaume II Prince d' Orange
- June 6th 1654: Advent of Charles X Gustave of Sweden
- June 14th 1658: Battle of the Dunes, Turenne beats Condé and the Spaniards
- 1661: Died of the cardinal Mazarin
- 1682: Advent of Pierre Large the in Russia
Anecdote
The passion of the king for the dogs made that its race of dog preferred, the King Charles Spaniel, is named in its honor.
Partial source
Simple: Charles II off England
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