Charles Chamberland

See also: Charles, Chamberland

Charles Chamberland (born the March 12th 1851 with Chilly-the-Vineyard (the Jura, France) and deceased the May 2nd 1908 with Paris) was a biologist and physicist.

He works with Louis Pasteur and mainly known for his work of sterilization is made necessary with the development of the Microbiologie. At the time of an epidemic of Typhoid fever in Paris, it conceives in 1884 the Filtre Chamberland, starting from a porous porcelain candle making it possible to filter the liquids and to retain for example the Micro-organisme S present in water.

He also worked on the problems of disinfection and sterilization of the culture media. This study led to the design of a drying oven of sterilization: the Hermetically-sealed Chamberland.

Biography

It makes its secondary studies with the college Mullet-of-Lisle Lons-the-Salt maker, then enters to the Rollin college to Paris in special mathematics.

In 1871, it is allowed with the entrance examinations at the Polytechnic school and the National university. He chooses the Teacher training school finally.

In 1874, it is received with the aggregation of physical sciences and it teaches during one year with the college of Nimes.

In 1875, it enters, like aggregate preparer, at the laboratory of Louis Pasteur, at the National university. At the request of this last, it takes again an experiment carried out by CH. Bastian, in favor of the theory of the spontaneous generation and shows that the conclusions of the London doctor are erroneous.

In April 1878, Louis Pasteur associates his name with a publication on “the theory of the germs and its applications to medicine and the surgery”, where it is posed that any infectious illness is caused by a germ and that to each infectious illness corresponds a particular germ.

In August 1878, it takes part, with Emile Roux and A. Vinsot, in the study campaign on the mode of infection of the herds by the carbonaceous bacterium, carried out by Louis Pasteur close to Chartres. Observations carried out then, it will arise that the sheep contract the disease by lesions on the level of the digestive tract, and that the carbonaceous spores are conveyed by the ground worms.

Between 1878 and 1880, it is in charge of a mission of study on a coal epidemic with Savagna, close to Lons-The-Salt maker. He studies the etiology of the development of the disease and a treatment developped at the point by a veterinary surgeon of Lons-The-Salt maker, Mr. Louvrier. Its experiments do not make it possible to conclude with the effectiveness from the treatment, but they reveal the existence of a refractory state in the cured animals of a first attack or a former inoculation. From now on, its research will be directed towards the creation of this refractory state by the inoculation of a benign form of the disease, which is at the origin of the vaccines.

In 1879, it supports its thesis of science doctorate physics “Research on the origin and the development of the microscopic organizations”. It is the starting point of work on the sterilization of the culture media which leads it to design a drying oven with disinfection which bears its name: the Hermetically-sealed Chamberland.

Between 1879 and 1888, he is director-assistant of the laboratory of Louis Pasteur, street of Ulm.

In 1880, it takes share with the experiments of checking of the anticharbonneux vaccine of Henry All Saints' day, professor at the School veterinary of Toulouse.

In April 1881, two days before the signature of the experimental protocol of Pouilly-le-Fort (public experiment of anticharbonneuse vaccination on sheep), Charles Chamberland is devoted with Louis Pasteur to a comparative experiment between the vaccine attenuated by the oxygen of Louis Pasteur and the vaccine of Henry All Saints' day attenuated by a Antiseptique, the Bichromate of potassium. Chamberland and Louis Pasteur note that the second vaccine proves to be most effective. Pasteur decides to use during the experiments on sheep with Pouilly-le-Fort, the vaccine attenuated of Henry All Saints' day. It was a success. Henry All Saints' day never knew that Louis Pasteur used the vaccine developped at the point by the first.

In 1881, it undertakes with Louis Pasteur, Emile Roux and L. Thuillier the study of the Rage.

In 1884, it develops a filter, designed starting from a porous porcelain candle of its invention, making it possible to eliminate the microbes from the drink water. The instrument receives the name of Filtre Chamberland. This filter will make it possible to fight against the propagation of the Typhoid fever present at Paris at that time and to be used like a new instrument of research, which will allow the discovery of diphteric and tetanic toxins.

In 1885, it is elected appointed on the list of the radical Republicans of the the Jura. It is one of the authors of the first bill on the public health.

Of 1886 with 1888, it takes part in the design and the organization of the Institut Pasteur.

In 1887, it is elected city council man, then mayor of Chilly-the-Vineyard and it is sent by Louis Pasteur to the Congress of Vienna where he faces Robert Koch, which questions the effectiveness of carbonaceous vaccination.

In 1888, it is named department head with the Institut Pasteur (station which it preserves until 1904). It receives the responsibility for the Service of microbie applied to hygiene and for the Service of the vaccines.

In 1900, it opens with Frébuans, close to Chilly-the-Vineyard, a small factory of boxes out of wooden intended for the forwarding of the vaccines in the whole world.

He dies on May 2nd, 1908 with Paris.

Titles and distinctions

See too

Related articles

External bond

  • chronological Reference marks - Charles Chamberland, on the site of the Institute Pasteur

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