The cathedral of Canterbury ( Canterbury in English) is one of oldest and the most famous churches Christian of England. It is the Cathédrale Anglican E of the Archevêque of Canterbury, primacy of all England and religious leader of the Église Anglican. Sit of diocese of Canterbury (Kent is), it is the center of the Communion Anglican. Its formal title is cathedral and metropolitan church of the Christ of Canterbury .
The cathedral set up a project of basic lifting which hopes to collect a minimum of 50 million pounds sterling to finance an immense project of restoration. (to make a gift)
History
Augustin
The first archbishop of the cathedral was Augustin of Canterbury, which was previously Prieur monastery Benedictine of Saint-Andrew to Rome. He was sent into 597 in England by the Pope Gregoire Large the.Saint Bède the Worthy one ( ecclesiastical History of the English people ) recorded the foundation of the cathedral rested by saint Augustin, the first archbishop. Archaeological excavations under the ground of the nave in 1993 revealed the remainders of the first cathedral saxonne which had been built through an old Roman way. The church was dedicated to Saint Saver. Augustin also directed the foundation of the Benedictine abbey of Saint Augustin (abbey Saints Pierre and Paul) who was to be to build outside the walls of the city. It had thereafter dedicated to Augustin saint himself and was for centuries the place where were made bury the archbishops. The ruins of this abbey belong to the English Heritage and are registered with the world heritage of UNESCO with old the church of Saint Martin's day, which comprises Romanesque art, even if that is discussed.
The principal phases of construction are described below:
End of the period saxonne and Viking
- Second building on the same axis added by the archbishop Cuthbert (740 - 760) like baptistry dedicated to Holy Jean Baptist.
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the community of the cathedral became a monastery Benedictine with the reforms of the holy archbishop Dunstan. Saint Dunstan was buried under the southern part of the large furnace bridge.
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Lyfing (1013 - 1020) and Aethelnoth (1020 - 1038) added an apse to the west, which was useful like oratory Sainte Marie.
Period Norman
- Lanfranc (1070 - 1077), the first Norman archbishop , made rebuild the church saxonne which had fallen in ruin
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Saint Anselme made increase the chorus towards the east to make it possible to accommodate the monks of the monastery which had been restored. The Crypte of this church remains largest today of this kind.
Thomas Becket
One of the black hours of the history of the cathedral was the Décapitation of Thomas Becket in the Transept in the North-East Tuesday December 29th 1170 by the guards which had heard the words of the king Henri II of England: “Which will remove me from this intruder out of cassock? ” whereas it was in conflict with Becket. The guards took this expression literally and assassinated Becket in its own cathedral. Becket was thus the second of the four assassinated archbishops of Canterbury (see Alphege). The tomb of Alphege was placed on the northern side of the large furnace bridge.-
After the disastrous fire of 1174 which destroyed the frontage is, Guillaume de Sens made rebuild the chorus in a more modern Gothic style with propping up, of high arches and the ribbed vaults, underlining the vertical lines of the pillars and the arrows and creating thus interiors all in height. Later, Guillaume the English made add the vault of the Trinity to make a tomb containing of it the relics of saint Thomas Becket. With time, other personalities were buried in the vicinity like Edouard Plantagenêt (Prince Noir) and the king Henri IV of England. The tower " Corona" (“crown”) was built on the frontage is to contain the relic of the head of Thomas saint who was decapitated.
Gifts of Pilgrims (whose those of Geoffrey Chaucer author of the Contes of Canterbury ) which visited the tomb of Becket, in front of which, one said, miracles occurred, largely the expensive rebuilding of the cathedral and the contiguous buildings paid. The pilgrimage ceased when Henri VIII of England seized the treasures of the cathedral and that was destroyed the holy place where was preserved the relics of the prelate.
Structure
- the prior Thomas Chillenden (1390 - 1410) made rebuild the nave in the perpendicular style of the Gothic architecture.
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the central tower Norman of Lanfranc, “Angel Steeple”, was demolished in the years 1430. The rebuilding took place later fifty years, starting in 1490 and finishing into 1510 a height of 207 feet (90 meters). This news tower is known under the name of “Beautiful Harry Tower”, according to the prior Henry off Eastry who organized this rebuilding. It was formerly called the most beautiful tower of Christendom. The bell always sounds hundred blows towards 20:55 to indicate the curfew of the city.
French church huguenote
A sign in the crypt of the cathedral of Canterbury points out the foundation of the “French Church huguenote” in 1550 by Wallons, originating for the majority in Tournai and bearing names which are still familiar there: Carbonel, Colignon, Delmé, Duquesne, Lefèvre, Morel, Philippot, etc These reformed emigrated in England following the persecution of the Protestants by the Catholic church.
The Dissolution of the Monasteries
It ceased being a monastery during the Dissolution of the monasteries when all the religious establishments were removed. Canterbury was the last to be subjected to this decision in March 1539 and turned over to its statute first D university of the secular guns .
17th century with today
- the tower north-western Norman was demolished in the end of the year 1700 because of preoccupations with structures. It was replaced during the years 1830 in the perpendicular Gothic style, the same one as the called south-western tower “Arundel Tower”. It was there the last major change in the structure of the cathedral.
- the ruins of the dormitory of the monastery of Romance style were replaced by a library and files of neo-gothic style built at the 19th century. This building had then destroyed by an explosive bomb which was to aim at the cathedral itself at the time of the Second world war. It was rebuilt at identical the several years later
Plan of the current cathedral
A curious overall picture of the cathedral of Canterbury and its additional buildings, made about 1165, are preserved in the Large Book of the Psalms to the library of the Trinity College (Cambridge). As professor Willis showed it, this plan shows the monastery Benedictine at the 12th century and allows us to compare it with the Plan of Saint Gall dating from the 9th century. One notices in the two same general principles of arrangement (that one finds in all the abbeys bénédictines) and who allow us to determine with precision the provision of the various buildings, while at the same time few remainders of the walls reached us. However for local reasons, the monastic cloister and buildings are placed at the north of the church rather than in the south as it was generally the case. There is also a separated chapter house, which had been envisaged in Saint Gall.
The buildings in Canterbury as in Saint Gall form separate groups. The church is the core. With his contact, one finds in north the cloister and a group of buildings intended for the life monacale. Outside that, in the west and the east the parts and the rooms intended for the hospitality are which each monastery offered to receive the visitors, who they are priests, laic, pilgrims, travellers or the poor.
In north, a broad open court separates the not crowned part inhabited by laic servants (the cattle sheds, the attics, the barn, the brewery, the laundry…) placed voluntarily as far as possible of the religious buildings. Beyond the enclosure of the convent, as far as possible of the church the part intended for charity was. The chaplaincy to relieve the poor with at side a large hall formed the old people's home of the poor.
The most important buildings were naturally those devoted to the life monacale, including two cloisters of which largest surrounded the buildings of which the monks were useful themselves daily. The church was in the south, the refectory or frater-house contrary to the church (like everywhere else), further possible from the church for not that the odors and the sounds of the meal does not penetrate its enceint crowned. In the east, the Dormitory, with its large vault, and the chapter house. In the west, residences of the cellérier. It fell on this last to manage the daily provisioning of food for the monks like that of the guests. This is why it was placed in the vicinity immediate of the refectory and the kitchen like close to the hall of the guests. A passage under the dormitory carried out towards the east to a smaller cloister of the infirmary which was used for the least sick or crippled.
To the east of the cloister the hall and the vault extend from the infirmary which resemble in their forms and their arrangements a nave and a chorus of another church. Under the dormitory, with sight on the green court or herbarium, the pisalis or calefactory , the common room of the monks is. With the north-eastern angle, one built an access of the dormitory to the necessarium, an extraordinary building in the shape of Norman hall with 45 meter length on 8 broad containing fifty five places. That was built (like everywhere else) with the most thorough compliance with the rules of hygiene and health with a water current passing below right through.
A second smaller dormitory ran on a East-West axis for the dignitaries of the convent which was to sleep in a dormitory. Close to the refectory, but contiguous step to the cloisters, one finds the rooms domestic which have a bond with him: in north, kitchen of 5 square meters surmounted by a raised pyramidal roof and court of the kitchen; in the west, the office and the part where one churned… The infirmary had its clean small kitchen. Contrary to the door of the refectory in the cloister two `toilets' always added beside the dining room is monks where they are washed before and after eating.
The buildings devoted to hospitality were divided into trios groups. That of the prior started with the south-eastern angle of the green court, and was thus placed more close to the most crowned part cathedral because it accommodated the eminent members of the clergy and the nobility. That of the cellérier was at the Western end of the nave. The ordinary visitors of the middle-class were placed there. The pilgrims and the poor were relegated in the northern hall, the chaplaincy in the door, as far as possible of the two other buildings.
The foundation
The foundation is the establishment authorized to provide of the personnel (of which little belongs to the clergy) to the cathedral. That which manages the cathedral is the Doyen, in this moment very the reverend father Robert Willis, assisted of a chapter of 24 Chanoine S, of which four are resident, the others being indicated in way fees by the clergy of the diocese. Moreover, canons form together the Great Chapter which with the legal responsibility at the same time for the cathedral and the election of the archbishop when one vacancy is envisaged. The English law and the habit want that they can elect only the person who was named by the Monarque on proposal of the Prime Minister. The foundation includes also the `Scholars' of the king and other officers from which certain stations are about to disappear like the barber from the cathedral. The cathedral employs 250 full-time people what does of them one of the largest employers of the district.
See too
- List of the cathedrals of the United Kingdom
- Religion in the United Kingdom
- History of the Church Anglican
External bonds
- Canterbury Cathedral Online
- * A history of the cathedral of Canterbury, its chorus and its chorus-singers
- Adrian Fletcher' S Paradoxplace Canterbury Cathedral Pages - Photographs
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