Categorization
The categorization is a Processus by which different Objet S is perceived like similar. It is about a cognitive process fundamental in perception and comprehension of Concept S and objects, in the Decision making and all the forms of Interaction with the environment.
If categorization and Classification are basiquement synonymous, the term “classification” applies primarily to the mathematical processes and structures or techniques allowing categorization, while the term “categorization” applies rather to the psychological aspects and the concept itself. The term “categorization” includes from this point of view the constitution of the classes or categories.
There exist various approaches of categorization.
Traditional approach
According to the traditional approach aristotelician, the categories are Entité S discrete which are defined by a whole of characteristics common to the elements which constitute them. These characteristics are the conditions at the same time necessary and sufficient for the constitution of the direction related to the category.
Cognitive sciences
During the Seventies, the searchs for Eleanor Rosch and George Lakoff in particular brought the idea that categorization can be seen like a process based on prototypes. The Théorie of the prototype share thus of the principle which a categorization is not never ideally carried out but gradually approaches a prototype or abstract model. In this direction, this approach moves away from the design aristotelician: whereas in the traditional approach, a bird would be defined by a unit necessary and sufficient characteristics (for example wings, feathers, the nozzle, etc), in the second approach, a Moineau represents a better prototype of bird than a Pingouin, and a Ours is distinguished too much from the ideal prototype to be categorized like “bird”.
Hierarchical organization
Categorization can also be organized hierarchically, in particular in the case of the Taxinomie S: each class is associated with “subclasses” or classes girls as with “outclass” or classes mothers. Even with this structure, there exist problematic cases, for which it is difficult to define the class precisely in which they must be arranged.
Contents, or directions, of a class like its range, or extended, are defined reciprocally: the most general classes have a great range, but a vague direction. On the contrary, the most specific classes have a very restricted range, but a more precise direction. Thus, the “movable” term includes a larger variety of objects than the term “chair” (carried) and has a vaguer significance (direction).
Dynamics
The Apprentissage is the addition new concepts ( in particular to see Acquisition of the language). The new concept could not however be retained that if it is put in relation to existing concepts. Categorization thus forms a system in which each element is defined in particular by its relations with the other elements of the system: a bear is not a bird because it approaches more of the prototype the bear than of the prototype of the bird. The higher the degree of connectivity is and the larger the number of connections between terms which are for other people slightly related is, plus the Créativité of an individual is large.
The Oubli is weakening, even the loss, of connections ( to see Amnésie).
The Rêve is described by certain scientists like a form of test of the conceptual system during the Sommeil. By the dream can appear new connections, or reinforced or weakened existing connections being.
References
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