Carlo Rosselli

Carlo Rosselli (born with Rome in 1899, died with Motor-with-the Orne (61) in 1937) is a Politician Italy N, Journaliste and Historien, assassinated by Cagoulard S on probable order of Mussolini at the same time as his/her brother Nello.

Activist Antifascist initially in Italy then in France and Spain, it was the Théoricien of a liberal Socialisme, a socialism not Marxiste, but Réformiste and inspired by the British socialism to English.

Biography

Birth, the war and studies

Carlo Rosselli is born with Rome on November 16th 1899 in an easy Jewish family from Toscane. The families of the father like that of the mother, Amelia Pincherle, of republican tendency were politically very active and they, in a certain manner, had taken part in the unification of the Italy.

In 1903, the family settles with Florence. During the First World War he is second lieutenant in the Alpine hunters. After the conflict, via his brother Nello, it makes knowledge with Florence of Gaetano Salvemini, which will be always a reference for the Rosselli brothers. During this period, it approaches the Italian Socialist party, and sympathizes with the reforming current of Filippo Turati, in opposition with that maximalist of Giacinto Menotti Serrati. In 1921 it is graduate with mention in Political sciences of Florence with a thesis having for title " The Trade unionism ". Thereafter, he undertakes studies of right to Turin where he becomes acquainted with Luigi Einaudi and Piero Gobetti.

In 1923, it is graduate university of His. It goes for several weeks to London stimulated by the desire for knowing the capital of the British socialism English which will influence it deeply.

The advent of Fascism

In Italy, it actively supports PSU of Filippo Turati, Giacomo Matteotti and Claudio Treves; He writes for " Critica Sociale" , review created by Turati. After the assassination of Giacomo Matteotti, Rosselli is favorable to an action against the Fascisme more energetic than the simple protest of the Italian deputies. With the collaboration of Ernesto Rossi and Gaetano Salvemini, it creates the clandestine review " not céder" (" Not mollare"). During these months, fascistic violence against the antifascists multiplies. Ernesto Rossi expatriate in France, followed by Salvemini; and in February 1926, in Paris, Piero Gobetti dies following fascistic violences. Rosselli creates with Pietro Nenni the review " Fourth État" (" Fourthly Stato") who will be stopped then month afterwards.

Always in 1926, it organizes with Sandro Pertini and Ferruccio Parri the exile of Turati in France. While Pertini follows Turati to France, Parri and Rosselli are stopped, Rosselli is condemned to five years of prison and he is imprisoned in the prison of Carrare then in that of Like before being sent to Lipari (1927). He starts to write " Socialism libéral". In July 1929, it escapes from the island for the Tunisia then it joined France with other antifascist Emilio Lussu and Francesco Fausto Nitti. This last will tell the escape in the book " Our prisons and our évasion" ( the nostre prigioni E will nostra it evasione ) published in Italian only in 1946, the first English edition goes back to 1929 pennies the title Escape .

The exile in Paris and Giustizia E Libertà

In 1929 with Paris, with Emilio Lussu, Francesco Fausto Nitti, and a group of political refugees organized by Salvemini, Carlo Rosselli is among the founders of the movement antifascist " Giustizia E Libertà " who publishes weekly magazines and monthly magazines and who takes part in various actions among which the flight on Milan of Bassanesi (1930). In 1930, it publishes in French liberal Socialisme which is a critic of the Marxisme. It is a synthesis of the democratic socialist revisionism (Eduard Bernstein, Turati and Treves) and of that libertarian (Francesco Merlino and Salvemini) but it contains also an attack of the Stalinisme of the Third international, which with the formula of the " social-fascisme" shares social democracy, liberalism “borghese” and Fascism. That does not surprise that one of most important Stalinist the Palmiro Togliatti, defines the work " Socialism libéral" like a " thin makes out anti-socialiste" and Rosselli " an ideologist reactionary that nothing binds to the class ouvrière".

Giustizia E Libertà adheres to the Concentration antifascist, union of all the forces noncommunist antifascists (republicans, Socialists, trade unionists-CGL) which wish to promote and organize abroad all actions of fight against Fascism in Italy. After the arrival of the Nazism in Germany (1933), Giustizia E Libertà supports the need for a preventive revolution to reverse the fascistic modes and Nazis before they lead to the war.

Spain and the civil war

In 1936, the Spanish Civil war bursts, Rosselli is immediately active within the republican forces, he criticizes the opposition to progress of the France and the England whereas fascists and Nazis help with men and materials the insurrectionists. In August, it takes part in its first battle in Spain on the face of Aragon, creates the Italian section of the Ascaso column, in which will fight many members of the Arditi del Popolo. Then it tries to create a true battalion named Matteotti. In November, he speaks in Radio Barcelona, exhorting Italian with the fight antifascist with the watchword " Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italie".

For health reasons, it returns to Paris where it publishes articles in which it proposes a unit of action of all the antifascists, including the Communists as that occurs in Spain although it maintains a judgment critical on the ideology and the Communist party.

The assassination

In June 1937, it remains with his/her Nello brother with Motor-in-the Orne for a cure at a watering-place. June 9th, the two brothers are killed by " cagoulards " certainly on order of Mussolini.

According to the lawsuit which was held in Paris in October 1948 in Paris, they were assassinated by the militants:

Its ideals

liberal Socialisme was written during its exile in Lipari whereas he was prisoner. This work is placed in a position heretic respectively at the parties of the Italian left wing of its time (whose the Capital of Karl Marx, interpreted variously was still the bible). Without no doubt, one finds the influence of the well-known English British socialism of Rosselli. Following electoral successes of the workers party, Rosselli is convinced that the whole of the rules of the liberal democracy are essential not only to join socialism but also for its concrete realization (whereas in the Leninist tactics, these rules, once the capacity obtained, must be to leave of with dimensions): the synthesis rossellienne is " liberalism like method, socialism like fin".

The idea of revolution of the Marxist doctrines founded on dictatorship of the proletariat (which actually is translated into Soviet Union by a dictatorship of the capacity in only one party) is pushed back in favor of a revolution which, like one notes it in the program of Giustizia E Libertà, is a coherent system of structural reforms directed towards construction of a socialism which does not disavow, but contrary exalte individual freedom and associative. In the reflection of the last years, Rosselli radicalizes its libertarian positions with the sight of the Spanish experiment (defense of the social organization of Barcelona carried out by the anarchistic during the Spanish Civil war) and of advanced Nazisme.

Rosselli is made the apostle of liberal socialism: the end is socialism, the method liberalism, a method which guaranteed the democracy and the self-management of the citizens. Liberalism must bring a democratic function, the " method libérale" is composed of complex rules of the game that all the parties fights about it must respect, rules intended to ensure the common life and peaceful citizens, classes, States and to contain the fight. Violence can be justified like answer to other violences (for that Rosselli fights against the Franquisme) and it would have wished that there be a violent revolution in Italy in answer to Fascism.

Rosselli has confidence in the fact that the future class will be the proletarian class, the middle-class having to be used as guide with the proletariat; the end is freedom for all the classes.

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