Carcass work heavy castings

The carcass work heavy castings is the whole of the works of the building which contribute to the resumption of the efforts undergone permanently by construction (received loads and the actual weight of the building) and of the temporary efforts (wind, earth tremors etc): all that contributes to solidity, with the stability of the building (large walls, posts, floors, frames, etc.). In a construction industry, the carcass work heavy castings are supplemented the Second work which consists of all the other works which rest on him: insulation, partitions, coatings, chimneys, fittings, equipment, etc

In French right, already at the 17th century, the manufacturer is held to guarantee the works of carcass work heavy castings during ten years. The bare owner is held to maintain them. The carcass work heavy castings to which the cover is added, the exterior wood finishings, all the works taking part in the sealing, provide the field and the cover which is the subject of rights.

General information

The carcass work heavy castings of a work consist of the construction of its framework. The buried part (except works of foundation) is the infrastructure , and the part out of the ground is the superstructure . This framework is generally done for the small superstructures out of stone, wooden, terra cotta or believed, breeze block. For the more important structures it is done in Béton armed which can be buried and which is a very widespread material in Europe. A structure comprising of great ranges will be able to comprise prestressed concrete elements, one thus increases the lightness of the building compared to the nonprestressed concrete by having the resistance and the solidity which are necessary. The important superstructures are as done frames of it metal or lamellate-stuck wood, two structures lighter as the concrete, and which also are very much used.

The behavior with the fire, which is one of the elements of choice of structure, is in the order of increasing safety: metal, wood, concrete.

The carcass work heavy castings begin as of the reception from the foundations in earthwork major, pious, well, lining. The shallow foundations which do not call upon particular techniques are built by the teams of carcass work heavy castings.

The framework of the works generally breaks up:

in vertical elements: Veils (technical term for the walls concrete), posts concrete or metal or mixed for the buildings and piles for the bridges,
and horizontal: foundation rafts, beams, flagstones floors, stages, Balcony S, terraces for the buildings and aprons for the bridges.

To give its forms to a reinforced concrete work, the teams of carcass work heavy castings use Coffrage S in which they set up the reinforcements then run the concrete.

Grue S are used to position the elements of the structures precasted concrete or metal, to move the tools of formwork, and to supply the zones of the material building site. To respect an economic envelope, a building site must optimize its planning, its tools and its personnel expenditure.

The second work succeeds normally the clothes industry of the carcass work heavy castings, however in certain particular cases, the elements of equipment must be set up for technical reasons or economic by having a provided support whereas the carcass work heavy castings are not completely completed (not yet closed box).

Behavior of the Carcass work heavy castings in time

The carcass work heavy castings can undergo what is regarded as a wear by time according to its nature of materials and the environment in which it is put: for example sandstone and micaceous chalk stones subjected to the urban corrosive atmosphere and the cycle of freezing-thawing, the cob subjected to the cycles dryness-moisture, concrete of blast-furnace slag undergoing strong moisture, structures metal in wet atmosphere saltworks of seaside. The carcass work heavy castings systematically do not provide a support which east can be regarded as timeless. The carcass work heavy castings during historical times can be on-employee, the structure to be the subject of successive additions in height and on its sides with the party walls which are used, with the lean-to buildings. The form given to the carcass work heavy castings with its materials provides to the building initial volume and the aspect. The carcass work heavy castings thus position the building in time, have an architectural signature, and by there its strong cultural interest generates which is added to its strictly functional side. The decision to be the subject of it of restoration or total or partial rebuilding is thus complex, and exceeds in the majority of the cases the simple framework of the property and the individual use.

When the carcass work heavy castings which compose the structure suffer from defects due to the noted defect or degradation in time, a taken again under work is made, it takes again the structure and sometimes its foundations. It can be a consolidation of a zone, (use of resins for degraded concrete, repair of frame metal, for example). It can be the demolition partial of the structure and its reconstitution if it were about a defect of implementation. It can be a setting in more adapted form of the structure if it were about a defect of structure which had been calculated by the research department or the architect. It can be a reinforcement of the foundations by a redimensioning of those or the use of additional elements of deep foundation if it is about a deformation due to relative settlements of the ground. Some of these recoveries use elements with variable geometry (systems jacks type of levelling).

See too

Glossary of architecture
Building (trade)

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