Car-organization

The car-organization is a phenomenon of setting in order ascending, and active in opposite direction of the increase in the Entropie; at the price of course of a dissipation of energy which will be used to maintain this structure.

It is a tendency, as well on the level of the processes Physique S as of the social systems , to organize themselves. This remark has a tautological side, since it is in fact because they were organized that we name them social, and not the reverse.

Passed a Seuil Complexité criticizes, the systems can change state, or pass from an unstable phase to a stable phase. They can also pass:

of a slow growth to an accelerated growth
of a growth at the beginning of exponential appearance with a Logistic growth with the déplétion of the resources.

The term car-organization refers to a process in which the internal organization of a system, usually a system except balance, increases automatically without being directed by an external source. Typically, the systems car-organized have emergent properties (although that is not always the case).

Introduction

The most obvious examples of car-organized systems result from the Physique. It is besides in this field that the term appeared for the first time. The car-organization is also present in chemistry where it was often synonymous with car-assembly. The concept of car-organization is as central in the biological systems , as it is at the cellular level or social. One still finds many examples of phenomena car-organized in other disciplines of which social sciences, the economy or the Anthropologie. The cellular Automates count among the first mathematical mechanisms proposed to study the car-organized systems in a formal way.

Sometimes the concept of car-organization is associated with the concept of emergence. One frequently finds the definition following in the literature: a phenomenon is known as emergent when one could not predict his observation starting from the only knowledge of the system in which it appears. However mathematical models can be built to reproduce these phenomena, to study their properties and their conditions of appearances. Thus about other people speak about complex systems. The car-organization of Heinz von Foerster and Ross W. Ashby belongs to the Cybernétique of the first generation of the " signal" physics gave the Cybernetics of the second generation of the " signe" psychic with Gregory Bateson and Anthony Wilden in a ecosystemic Approach. Henri Atlan developed the principle of car-organization in " principle of complexity by the bruit" , which Jean-Louis Moigne (" Theory of the general system. Theory of the modélisation" , PUF, 1977), in " mangement, the name of " gave; principle of organization by disponibilié to the événement". For Edgar Morin (" Méthode1. The Nature of Nature" , pp. 33-93, Threshold, Paris 1977), it is simply and poetically the " Disorder organisateur".

The car-organization is usually characterized by:

of the elements or agents or particles
of the interactions between the elements
of the interactions between the elements and the environment
a capacity of limited interaction (for example a space limit)
of the phenomena of amplification or returns positive
of the negative returns

History

The idea that the dynamic ones of a system can, alone, to ensure the increase in the internal order of the system has a long story. One of the first evocation of this idea was done by Rene Descartes in the fifth volume of the Discourse on Method . Thereafter, Descartes has matures this idea and developed it in a book named Le Monde which was never published.

Old the nuclear physicists (inter alia) believed that the organization was an inevitable property since sufficient time, space and matter was provided, although it did not have there particular reason to observe an organization rather than a disorder. Descartes introduced the idea that the natural laws tended to produce organization (For more details, to see Avram Vartanian, From Descartes to Diderot ).

At the 18th century the movement of the naturalists appeared who sought to determine universal laws in order to explain the diversity of the living organisms. Being found associated with the lamarckism, the new sights were held in discredit before being given to the honor by pioneers such as D' Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860-1948) at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, the majority of the scientists think that there exist universal laws (resulting from fundamental physics and chemistry) which control the structures and their evolution in the biological systems.

The term “car-organization” was probably introduced in 1947 per the psychiâtre and engineer Ross W. Ashby. The term of car-organization was then used by the community working on the general theory of the systems in the years 1960. But this term did not become common any more in the scientific literature only during its adoption by the physicists and other researchers of the field of the complex systems in the years 1970 and 1980.

(To show the increasing importance of this concept, if the keyword self-organ* is used, Dissertation Abstracts , a database of summaries of articles, does not find anything before 1954, and only 4 entries before 1970. Then there were 17 during the time 1971 of it--1980, 126 in 1981--1990 and finally 593 in 1991--2000).

Examples

The sections which follow present a certain number of phenomena, (auto-?)organized by disciplines, and which call upon the concept of car-organization. Note nevertheless that it is impossible to determine if these phenomena are as many demonstrations of the same process or if they are only analogies. The concept of car-organization, in spite of its apparent simplicity, appears extrèmement difficult to encircle formally or mathematically, and it is extremely possible that a rigorous definition from of excluded number of phenomenon currently arranged under this label.

It is as necessary to mention as the further away one phenomenon is from the field of physics, the more the idea of car-organization to the physical direction is prone to controversy. As intuitively car-organisational as it was, the search for explanations physical or statistical with a phenomenon because is fustigated reducing (cf Holisme, " réductionnisme" in Philosophy of sciences, and emergence).

In the same way, when one seeks to pass from the car-organisational characters of a biological or sociological phenomenon to a physical or mathematical explanation of these characters, one runs up against the fact that these characters could not exist without a causes final (cf Téléologie).

Car-organization in physics

There exists many generic processes which one can say that they are car-organisational. For example in Physical:

In Thermodynamic with balance: (one can wonder whether it is legitimate to say of one system to the balance which it is " car-organisé")

the phenomenon of Transition from phase first order, and that of spontaneous Crack of symmetry such as for example:

spontaneous Ferromagnetism, Crystallization (cf Crystallogenesis, Liquid crystals) in Physical traditional,
the Laser , the Supraconductivity and the Condensation of Bump-Einstein in Quantum physics, which have macroscopic effects.

the phenomenon of Transition from phase of the second order, related to the concept of not criticizes where the system has invariant properties by scaling (cf Fractales). One can quote:

the Opalescence criticizes fluids with the not criticizes,
the Percolation in a random medium.

In Thermodynamic of the sytèmes except balance, appearance of a structure described by the dissipative system theory (cf dissipative System:

the Turbulence, and the Convection (for example) in Mechanical of the fluids,
in Cosmology, the formation of the structures (star S, Galaxy S),
the growth of the Universe of Sitter,
the Percolation,
the systems with reaction-diffusion like the reaction of Belousov-Zhabotinsky,

the dynamic Systems, systems made up of identical entities related the ones to the others, often has properties of car-organization:

car-organized criticality (PLOWSHARE).

In the theory of the funds (or networks) of Spin S in quantum Gravitation with loops. The idea which interests us is to avoid having recourse to an adjustment of the cosmological constants to the observations (“English fine-tuning”), artifice which can be considered to be unsatisfactory from a point of view Métaphysique. One then seeks a mechanism which leads to the constants observed by a phenomenon close to the idea of car-organization.

This model is very summary because limited to a network of Spin S. Despite everything it is the first serious attempt at description of the expansion of the universe on the basis of car-organized theory in which the cosmological constants are not adjusted “with the hand”, but deduced from the model itself.

….the continuation is in the course of translation….

See too

Théorie of chaos
Percolation
Autopoïèse
Émergence
Système complexes
Ilya Prigogine
dissipative Structure
Autorégulation
Néguentropie

Random links: