Calcio Florentin

The calcio Florentin (called calcio in costume , calcio in livrea or calcio storico fiorentino in Italian) is a Sport Florentin of the Renaissance which is sometimes regarded by much as the ancestor of the Football - called calcio in Italy. From its rules, it is however closer to the Rugby than of football.

History

For four centuries, Florence has been mobilized at the end of June for the calcio storico . Popular test, this play, which takes as a starting point the Roman fight, football and Rugby, opposes champions of various districts of Florence on the Piazza Santa Croce.

Origins

The sports using of the spherical balloons of variable size are very old, tonic with all ancient civilizations ]]. In [[ancient Greece]], they would have played play called '' sferomachia ''; it is known that them [[Roman Legion|legionaries]] of [[Roman Empire]] there played, by renaming it '' harpastum '' (“to tear with force”). The '' harpastum '' was played on sandy grounds, with two teams of equal number players, who was to be held according to very precise rules. Had with the aggressive and “virile” character of the play, fact of fights tightened for the possession of the balloon, the '' harpastum '' became a very liked play of the legionaries, who spread it with all the corners of the Empire, of which with [[Florence]], where it will develop more. === Emergence of the '' calcio fiorentino '' === [[Image: Chiabrera2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Poetry of [[Vincenzo da Filacaia]] on the play.]] It is only at the beginning of [[the Middle Ages]] that the '' calcio fiorentino '' is really diffused in all the youth florentine, which practices it with all the corners of street of their city. With time, and especially for reasons of law and order, the play became more organized and one started to play there in the most important places of the city. The players ('' giocatori '' or '' calcianti '') were for the majority of noble districts of '' Santo Spirito '', '' Santa Croce '', '' Santa Maria Novella '' and '' San Giovanni '', of which futures [[pope]] S, between 18 and 45 years. They carried [[delivered]] sumptuous, which are at the origin of the names used in Italian, '' calcio in livrea '' and '' calcio in costume ''. They clashed in matches of 50 or 60 minutes in front of a noisy crowd and in a musical environment, the play being a tradition especially [[Carnival|carnavalesque]]. The matches were generally finished by a general brawl. The popularity of the play is maintained during all the {{S|XVI|E}}, but the next century will be marked by a decline of the attraction for the calcio fiorentino. The last match which one is informed played in January 1739 on the '' piazza Santa Croce ''. It had to be waited two centuries before the play does not become again popular in Florence. [[Image: Chiabrera3-4.jpg|thumb|250px|Poetry of Vincenzo da Filacaja.]] === Matches famous === Many a matches remained famous, either for their historical context, or because of the facts having taken place lasting their unfolding, or because of famous personalities which took part in it. The most famous match is undoubtedly that played the {{Date|17|February|1530}}, at the time of [[head office of Florence]]. The florentins, benefitting from the plundering from [[Rome]] carried out by the imperial armed forces in [[1527]], drove out them [[Medici]] of their city and proclaimed the creation of [[Republic florentine]]. That did not rain with the pope [[Clement VII (pope)|Clement VII]], who requested an intervention from the emperor, who thus besieged the city as from the summer 1529. Florentins, though weak because of the lack of food caused by the seat of their city, did not give up the festivities of [[Carnival]]; they organized a match on the '' piazza Santa Croce '', which from its position, was quite visible by the enemy troops, camped on the hills in the neighborhoods. To make fun more of them, of the musicians played on the roof of the church Santa Croce, in order to give to the soldiers a clearer idea of the course of the play. One [[ball]] was drawn by the soldiers, but it missed its goal, falling far from the church without making damage, under the hootings of crowd. One probably does not know who gained this part, because it remained in the collective memory of the florentins as an collective effort against the enemy and not a true match. In spite of the courage shown by the florentins, the city was forced to yield vis-a-vis the seat and to go to the capacity of Medici. Others matches famous: * 1491 - on cold Arno. * 1570 - in Rome with [[the Roman Thermal baths|thermal baths]] of [[Dioclétien]] in honor of [[Cosme Ier of Tuscany|Cosme I {{er}} of Tuscany]] * 1575 - with [[Lyon]] organized by the merchants florentins in honor of the king [[Henri III of France|Henri III]] * 1584 - in honor of [[Éléonore de Medici]] and of [[Vincent Ier de Mantoue|Vincent I {{er}} of Mantoue]]. There was also one [[bullfight]]. There was a number impressing spectators: {{formatnum: 40000}}. * 1605 - on cold Arno, from December 24th to February 20th * 1650 - between the rival teams '' Piacevoli '' and '' Piattelli '' was held a match known as epic, resembling a true battle, on the ground and outwards (the winner: the '' Piattelli ''). * 1681 - Francesco Gerini is assassinated by Filippo Piero Strozzi during the match, close to the ground. * 1679 - to celebrate the marriage of [[Ferdinand de Medici]] with [[Raping Beatrice of Bavaria]], a match of Europeans against Asian. * 1766 - with [[Leghorn]] at the time of the arrival of the large-duke of Tuscany, [[Léopold II of Austria]] and Marie-Louise. [[Consul]] of England attended the match, perhaps influencing the origins of [[football]] in this country. === famous Players === If the majority of the matches proceeded in an anonymous way in the streets florentines, of young representatives proposed by the noble ones méticuleusement were méticuleusement prepared in advance, thus of many famous players or who became it shortly after matches disputed: [[Image: Angelo Bronzino 036.jpg|thumb|190px|Cosme I {{er}} of Tuscany, seen by [[Angelo Bronzino|Bronzino]] in 1545.]] * [[Pierre II of Médicis]], wire junior by [[Laurent de Médicis]] * [[Laurent II of Médicis]], [[List of the sovereigns of Urbin|duke of Urbin]] * [[Alexandre de Médicis (1510-1537)|Alexandre de Médicis]], known as '' Alexandre the Moor '', [[List of the large-dukes of Tuscany|duke of Tuscany]] * [[Cosme Ier of Tuscany|Cosme I {{er}} of Tuscany]], duke of Tuscany * [[François Ier de Médicis|François I {{er}} of Médicis]], duke of Tuscany * [[Vincenzo Gonzaga]], duke of [[Mantoue]] * [[Cosme II of Médicis]], duke of Tuscany * Laurent and Francois, wire of the duke [[Ferdinand Ier de Médicis|Ferdinand I {{er}} of Médicis]] * Henri, prince of [[Cop]] * Jean-Charles and Matthieu, wire of the duke Cosme I {{er}} of Tuscany * Jules de Médici, Pope [[Clement VII (pope)|Clement VII]] * Alexandre Ottaviano de Médicis, Pope [[Leon XI]] * Maffeo Barberini, Pope [[Urbain VIII]] ==Le calcio Florentin nowadays == === With Florence === If it is true that there no was match of calcio Florentin during two centuries, the play remained in the collective memory of the florentins. It is in these last years that one there rejoue, though far from the great places and without medieval ostentation, thus forging '' the modern spirit of the old calcio '' ('' lo spirito moderno LED calcio antico ''). The first organized match of the {{S|XX|E}} was held in May 1930 for the 400 years of [[head office of Florence]]. During this decade of the matches were played between the teams of the four historical quarters of Florence: the '' Bianchi '' of Santo Spirito, the '' Azzurri '' of Santa Croce, the '' Rossi '' of Santa Maria Novella, and the '' Verdi '' of San Giovanni. The sport is since increasingly popular in this city. Nowadays, there exists a great annual tournament, the '' Torneo dei Quattro Quartieri '', composed of three large matches (two eliminating heats and the final) being held in June at the time of the festival of patron saint of the city. 54 players in costume [[the Middle Ages clash|medieval]] on the '' piazza Santa Croce '', covered with sand, in front of some {{formatnum: 100000}} spectators. === In France === A match of '' calcio Florentin '' took place with [[Lyon]] on the Bellecour place in [[July]] [[1998]], during the football world cup, Lyon opponent in Florence, at the time of the event “10 cities, 10 programs”. ===Actualités=== The calcio Florentin was always characterized by strong antagonisms, which often turn in brawls between the teams beyond the rules already much less strict than in football. This was not erased with time: the {{Date|11|June|2006}}, at the time of the first match of the tournament of the year, the brawl was so violent that the play had to be suspended. It is about a match between the '' Bianchi '' (of the district of Santo Spirito) and the '' Azzurri '' (of Santa Croce). The gravity of the facts resulted in cancellation from all the tournament 2006. == the rules of the game == [[Image: Diagram calcio fiorentino 1688.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Diagram of the starting positions of the teams. 1688.]] The rules of the game, as for any so old play, changed much through the centuries. Today the rules are rather similar to those of the {{S|XIV|E}}. The matches last fifty minutes and dispute on a sandy rectangular ground. A white line divides the ground into two identical halves, of the cages placed at the two ends, as in [[football]]. This sport is a mixture of football, Rugby and of [[fight]]. Two teams of twenty-seven players clash while trying to put the round ball in the unfavourable nets. It does not matter the way in which the ball lands in the cages, almost all the blows are allowed. Only prohibitions are practically the “2 against 1” and them attacks by behind. The twenty-seven players, or '' calcianti '', divide in the following roles: four '' datori indietro '' ([[Goalkeeper|goalkeepers]]), three '' datori innanzi '' (defenders), five '' sconciatori '' (medium grounds), and fifteen '' innanzi '' or '' corridori '' (assailing). In the center of the ground are the '' capitano '' (captain) and L ''' alfiere '', who intervene in the event of brawl. The match is supervised by the '' giudice arbitro '' (referee), helped of its '' segnalinee '' (referees of key) and of the '' giudice commissario '', except ground. There is also, in supreme authority, the '' maestro di campo '', which supervises the good progress of the play and restores the order in the event of main issue or cheating. [[Image: Corteo11.jpg|thumb|250px|Procession in the streets of Florence of calf of Chianina race given to the winner.]] The match starts with the launching of the balloon on the central line on behalf of the '' pallaio ''. As of this moment, the players of the two teams will try to take possession of the ball and to send it with an aim of the opposing team, thus marking a '' caccia '' (goal). It is important to aim at the shooting well, because if the balloon rebounds on a post or flies above or on a side, half-time is given to the opposing team. With each goal, the teams change side of ground. The winner will be the team which will have marked the most goals at the end of the 50 minutes of the play. The price of the winners is one [[Boss taurus|calf]] white of race [[Chianina]], given to the sound of the anthems of victory played by musicians. ===Le terrain=== Just like for [[football|calcio]] modern, any open space can be used like playing field for the impromptu matches. During [[the Middle Ages]], the popularity of the play was such as one played it all corners of street. To guarantee the safety of the inhabitants of the city, the noble ones fixed lines of [[Pierre (material)|hone]] S which prohibited the good progress of the play to the places where he was generally played. The places preferred to play it quickly became the great places of the Tuscan city: the piazza Santo Spirito, the piazza Santa Maria Novella, Prato (the large pre one close to the homonymous door), and the piazza Santa Croce, the latter becoming since 1530 the most prestigious ground. Today one unrolls there the '' Torneo dei Quattro Quartieri ''. In winter he was also played on [[the Arno (river)|Arno]] cold. to ==Voir aussi== ===Sources=== ====En français==== * Bredekamp horst, '' birth of football - a history of Calcio '', Diderot Editions, 1998 * “In the arena of the tournaments florentines”, '' Géo '' 148, June 1991. ====En italien==== *Antonio Scaino ([[1524]] - [[1612]]), '' Trattato LED giuoco beyond palla diviso in tre left ''', Ferrara, Gabriel Giolito de' Ferrari, and fratelli, 1555 [chap. LXXII, pp. 282 S. " LED giuoco LED calcio" leaves;] *Giovanni Battista Dell' Ottonaio ([[1482]] - [[1527]]), '' Canzoni, O vero mascherate carnascialesche '', Firenze, Lorenzo Torrentino, 1560 [contain a " Canto LED calcio"] * Giovanni de' Bardi tells di Vernio ([[1534]] - [[1612]]), '' Discorso will sopra it giuoco LED calcio fiorentino del Puro Accademico Alterato '', Firenze, Giunti, 1580 (other editions: Giunti 1615; Ale insegna della Stella 1673; Stamperia di S.A.S.alla Condotta, 1688 [Bini 1688] E Livorno per Marco Coltellini 1766 [Aubert 1766]) * Anonymity, '' Canzone per Li sig. calcianti bianchi ''. Firenze, Cristofano Marescotti, 1610 (a page) * Pietro di Lorenzo Bini (with load of), '' Memorie LED calcio fiorentino tratte da various scritture E dedicate Violating ale altezze serenissime di Ferdinando Principle di Toscana E Beatrice di Baviera '', Firenze, Stamperia di S.A.S.alla Condotta, 1688 * Anonymity, '' Instruzione LED modo LED giuocare it calcio has giovani nobili fiorentini '', Firenze, Stamperia Granducale, 1739 * Giuseppe Aubert (with load of), '' Discorso sul calcio fiorentino of wave if ha origin LED calcio in general. Aggiungono in quest' is impressed I capitoli E pianta LED calcio di Livorno LED presents anno 1766. Dato dall' inclita nazione inglese per the venuta di S.A.R. Serenissima Pietro Leopoldo principle reale of Ungheria E di Boemia, arciduca of Austria E Granduca di Toscana E S.A.R Serenissima Maria Luisa, infanta di Spagna, arciduchessa of Austria E granduchessa di Toscana '', Livorno, per Marco Coltellini, [1766] *Sandro Pescioni, '' It calcio fiorentino: Appunti '', Rammed, Tip. ED. Folchetto, 1920 *Alfredo Lensi, '' It gioco LED calcio fiorentino '' (Introduzione di L. Ferretti; bibliografia di G.Fumagalli), Firenze, Rinascimento Del Libro Edict., 1931 *Giulio Gandi, '' It Calcio Fiorentino '', Firenze, NEMI, 1936 *Luciano Artusi-Silvano Gabbrielli, '' Calcio storico fiorentino ieri E oggi '', Firenze, Calcio storico fiorentino - Common, 1986 [my 1988] - ISBN 88-855-5970-0 * Goro Stendardi, '' Antiche famiglie patrizie di Firenze in Malted E in Santo Stefano: idiot un' appendix sul gruppo dei nobili LED calcio storico fiorentino '', Firenze, Zannoni, [1995] *Horst Bredekamp, '' Calcio Fiorentino - It Rinascimento visto attraverso I suoi giochi '', Genova, ED. Nuovo Melangolo, 1995 - ISBN 8870182738 =====Textes littéraires===== * [[Vincenzo da Filacaia]] senator Florentin, '' Opere '', tomo I - contenente poetry italiane stuck vita dell' Autore, Venezia, Editore E Stampatore Rosa, 1820 * [[Gabriello Chiabrera|Gabbriello Chiabrera]], '' various Poesie liriche '', in Firenze, nella stamperia di Francesco Livi, ale insegna della Nave, 1674 ===Liens interns=== {{Commons|Category: Calcio in costume|calcio Florentin}} * [[Football]] * [[Rugby]] * [[Football of beach]] ===Liens externes=== * {{it}} [http://www.globeit.it/caf/ '' Calcio Storico Fiorentino '', official page] * {{it}} [http://www.calciostorico.it/ '' Calcio Storico '', current events] * {{it}} {{in}} [http://www.bandieraidegliuffizi.it/ '' Gli Sbandieratori ufficiali beyond città di Firenze ''] {{Translation/Reference|it|Calcio in costume|7423017}} {{Multi stringcourse|Gate sport|Gate Italy}} [[Category: Sport of balloon]] [[Category: Collective sport]] [[Category: Sport with Florence]] [[in: Calcio Fiorentino]] [[it: Calcio in costume]] {{AdQ Bond|it}} [[nl: Calcio Fiorentino

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