Cacheroute

The cacheroute (Hebrew: RTL He כַּשְרוּת) is a collective term indicating in the Judaïsme the corpus of laws making it possible to determine if a food is or not allowed consumption, according to its source and of its preparation. The food in conformity with these laws is known as kacher (Hebrew: RTL He כשר decides cachère , “suitable,” “suited. ”) with consumption. The Hebraic Bible formally prohibited the Jews from consuming unsuitable food, although their use with an aim not-dietetics, for example the use of porcine corneas or insulin, are completely authorized.

The antonym to hide is taref or treïf (Hebrew: RTL He טרייף, “torn”), although it indicates in the beginning only the flesh of an animal having been torn, either with the clean direction, or because the animal was not not cut down according to the rite. This rite, although evoked in the Deutéronome, is not described in the Bible. However, the majority of the laws on which the Halakha is based find in the Livre of Lévitique. Their methods were a long time oral, before being lying written in the Mishna and the Talmud, then codified in the Choulhan Aroukh and later rabbinical authorities.

The Christians generally gave up the cacheroute. However, the orthodoxe Ethiopian Église prohibits the consumption of pig, and certain movements wanting to adhere to the letter of the Torah are essential a mode which does not retain however all the principles of the cacheroute, like the abstention from mixtures, estimating that they are later rabbinical innovations. The adventist Église on its side condemns the pigmeat consumption and advises even the vegetarianism without imposing it.

The Moslem observe a code of food and demolition inspired of the cacheroute and resembling to him on certain aspects. However, the Halal and the Dhabiha are not the hanging exact ones of the cacheroute and the Shehita .

The rastafariens adopted a food code inspired of the Torah, the Ital and having some interdicts common to the cacheroute of which that of the consumption of blood. However, the resemblances are very few, and Ital preaches the Végétarisme more even the Végétalisme.

Principles of the cacheroute

The laws of the cacheroute derive from various passages of the Torah. They many and are varied, and all are not universally observed: some are it only by certain currents, others depend on the rite of origin. However, one can release the principal rules from them:

for food of animal origin:

they must present distinguishing marks and, in the case of mammals and poultries, come from particular species.
they must be shot down in a ritual way; prohibited parts with the consumption, whose blood, nerve sciatic nerve and grease, must be withdrawn.
“the lamb cannot be cooked in the milk of the mother. ”

for food of vegetable origin, the various ones said must be taken. For the products of the Ground of Israel, a version modified of said prescribed by the Bible, inapplicable such as they are in the absence of Temple, must be applied, including the Teroumat hamaasser , the Maasser rishon , the Maasser sheni and the Maasser ani . The product of a not-taken harvest is called Tevel , and is interdict with consumption. In addition, the fruits of a planted or replanted tree cannot be consumed nor used during three years, under the terms of the Orlah . Some also avoid consuming cereals the first year of harvest ( hadash ); additional precautions must be taken with the Sheviit , the harvest of the ground of Israel at the time of each seventh year, in order to not enfreindre the laws of the sabattic year.
certain food must be prepared mainly or of exclusiveness by Enfants in Israel in order to draw aside from it any suspicion of idolatry, which would make this food not-consumable ( bishoul Israel ).
the dishes not kosher transmit their impurity to the ustensils used for their preparation, and cannot be useful for kosher foods to which they would transmit to their turn their impurity. Certain ustensils, according to the materials of which they are made, can be purified by immersion in ebullient water.
of the additional laws applies at the time of holy days specific, and only at the time of these days.
no Jew is not supposed to be unaware of the laws of the cacheroute for its personal use; however, the dishes intended for others, for example with the sale or the restoration, must be prepared under the supervision of an expert in cacheroute.

Licit and illicit animal species

The Bible divides the animals into three reigns: those which live on ground, those which fly and those which live in water. The terrestrial reign is subdivided in wild animals, servants and crawling.

The first mention of “pure animals and animals which are not pure” finds in the parashat Noa' H. However, the distinction is described only in Lévitique 11 and Deutéronome 14.

For the live animals on ground, the animals with split shoes are pure ruminant their food, of which the Bœuf, the calf, the Mouton, the Agneau or the Chèvre and impure the animals whose shoe is not split like the camel, the ass or the horse, or ruminant not their food like rabbit or the pig.

For the animals which fly, which includes the chiroptères, the Bible gives a list of prohibited birds, in particular raptors. The turtle-doves and young pigeons are pure, being the only birds admitted for an offering. The farmyard poultries (hen T, Duck, Goose, Turkey, Guinea fowl) are all potentially pure. However, the purity of an animal must be certified by tradition before one of these animals is consumed. In practice, the list of the pure and impure birds is drawn up starting from the comments of Rachi. The Torah mentions certain types of grasshoppers of the desert as allowed consumption. However, except for communities whose grasshoppers constitute one of the independent sources of food, their consumption is prohibited because of the doubt as for the identification of the allowed species of insects.

For the aquatic animals, are pure those which have scales and fins, which includes the Saumon, the Morue, the Hareng, the Sardine, the Merlan, the Dorade, the bar, the Sole, the Thon, the carp, etc the Esturgeon, which loses its scales during the coupling, is not kacher, nor the Lotte, the Raie, the Anguille like all the seafood (Crevette, Langouste, Homard, Oyster, moulds, etc).

In addition to the membership of a pure species, the animals must themselves be free from impurity, to suffer from no infirmity, among which the crushing of the testicles (what returns the unsuitable Bœuf to consumption).

Portions prohibited with consumption

The prohibition of the consumption of blood appears as of the first biblical accounts, proof of the antiquity with which the Hebrews credited this use. In addition, they recovered the blood of their victims, because the life of the flesh is in blood. The flesh of the terrestrial animals and the birds is thus to consume bloodless.
Cet prohibited if is marked that the term taref (torn), indicating in a strict sense an animal shot down improperly or wounded by a Chasse ur before being consumed, came from there to be used as antonym with kacher , especially in Yiddish. The exact term is however tamè (impure), only the pure animals being able to be consumed. In addition, when a hunter captures a pure animal, alive, healthy and without wound, this one can be consumed on the condition of being cut down according to the rite.

The ritual slaughter, to which the Torah makes implicit allusion of way but nonexplicit is mainly to empty the animal of its blood. Any offering must be offered with salt, in order to continue this extraction. The meat can also be purged of its blood by making it roast on naked fire. The presence of negligible traces of blood after these processes is allowed.

The Torah prescribed, shortly after these rules, the centralization of demolitions in the sanctuary (the Gate vault at the time of the crossing of the desert, the Temples of Jerusalem as long as those will remain): any animal which one would like to consume the flesh must be approximate '' cohanim '' wire of Aaron), which will cut down it, take its blood and other prohibited parts with the consumption of which grease and the nerve sciatic nerve, as well as the returning parts of right to the cohanim by statute. The meat will be allowed the consumption during the day and of the evening of demolition, after which its remainders will have to be flarings on the furnace bridge.

After the destruction of the second Temple, demolition is entrusted to individuals specialized in the act, the Shohetim, which are not necessarily of the line of Aaron. The good behavior of the rite is, for more safety, supervised by a Mashguiah which checks moreover the conformity of the animal after the demolition, in order to make sure that it was not reached of a defect which would have resulted in its natural death shortly, and would make its death by demolition doubtful. The masguiah also supervises the conformity of the other “raw materials. ” The approval of this character is essential to obtaining a certificate of cacheroute for the sale of food in trade or in the restoration.
Because of proscription relating to the consumption of the tendon inguinal, i.e. nerve sciatic nerve. These parts are given in the distribution system of the nonkasher meats. Certain kosher butcheries call, in an unsuitable way, “rib steak” of the pieces which are in fact of the low coasts of the part before bull and which are pieces of second category much less tender. For this reason with identical name, the kasher bovine meat appears much less to tend that the others.

“You will not make cook a kid in the milk of his mother”

This ordinance, briefly evoked in the Bible, one of is followed by the Jews, including by those which do not comply with the other rules strictly.
Si the Karaïte S, exégètes strictly scripturalists of the Bible, are satisfied to check that milk does not come from the mother of the animal, and authorize the other mixtures, provided that the animal is cut down in the rites, the rabbinical Sages see a prohibition of there all lacteous/flesh-colored mixture, because the Torah, if she had wanted to limit these mixtures only to the kid, would have said guedi izzim and not simply guedi . Prohibition was also extended to the poultry, for fear pagan or a Jew being unaware of, seeing a Jew informs to consume poultry with the cream, has not suddenly thought that it consumes a lacteous/flesh-colored mixture.

From this prohibition a corpus of rules prohibiting was deduced to cook or consume meat products (meat and derived) with lacteous products (milk and derived). Thus,

the Jews must wait at least time between two meals to consume milk after having eaten viande, a little less if one flesh-colored dish must be consumed after a lacteous dish, in order not to mix the two products in the stomach.
the mets are classified in three categories: lacteous ( halavi ), flesh-colored ( bassari extending to the poultry, but not to fish), neutral ( parve , including/understanding eggs, fish, fruit and vegetables, etc)

this classification applies not only to the basic commodities but also to their derivatives: a potato fried in an animal oil becomes “flesh-colored,” the Gélatine S must be extracted from fish bone so that the delicacies which contain some remain “neutral”. Is also prohibited the Présure animal origin (extracted the stomach of the ruminants) in the development of cheeses.
According to the principle of noten ta' amndt (the taste preserves), one estimates that certain dishes and containers which contained lacteous dishes cannot be useful any more for flesh-colored dishes and reciprocally. The nature of these containers is sometimes prone to discussion: if all agree on the “preserving” character of the porcelain or clay, the ashkénazes regard glass as conservative, contrary to the sépharades. At all events, the Jews practitioners use two kitchen ustensils and two crockery distinct not to carry out prohibited mixtures.

Regulations related to the holy days

In a general way, except case urgently vital absolute, the dishes cannot be cooked the Sabbath, because one enfreindrait various interdicts of which that to make fire. The rabbis authorize the various forms of hamin , dishes having mijoté during the sabbath, because fire was lit before fallen from the sun at the Friday evening. In the same way, certain dishes, like the stuffed carp, were elaborate in order not to transgress the interdict to separate the grain from the ryegrass, i.e. the flesh of fish of its edges.

The Festival of Unleavened the, beginning with Passover and lasting one week, is characterized by an additional restriction on raised or fermented food, collectively called Hametz . Fermentation being regarded as one of the absolute shapes of impurity, the Jews observing traditionally have two services (flesh-colored and lacteous) reserved for these seven days (eight in Diaspora).
Si prohibition touches in the beginning only five species of grain, of many variations appeared because of dispersion of the Jews all over the world, within great Jewish divisions, Séfarade S, Ashkénaze S and Mizrahim, each one being based on the opinions of their décisionnaires: this is why the ashkénazes abstain from the consumption of Légumineuse S ( Kitniyot ) for the period of Passover, whereas the others do not follow this Minhag ; moreover, each country had its own interpreter, and the food restrictions at the time of the Pascale week are not exactly the same ones among the Jews of Morocco, Algeria or Tunis; in the same way, certain sub-groups ashkénazes prohibit the Gebrochts (unleavened soaked), while others were made a speciality of the Matze brei , requiring to soak the unleavened one in warm water or milk.

Bishoul Israel (Food requiring to be prepared by Jews)

In order to return thanks to divine providence, it is advisable that food is prepared in the respect and the will to sanctify YHWH and not an idol. It is enough in general with this intention that a Jew carries out the crucial stage of the preparation, for example demolition, the taking away of the dîme, etc Cependant, the preparation of certain mets is complex, requires a monitoring of every moment since the matter with the end product. This is why the rabbis instituted that certain foods must be prepared entirely or partly by Enfants of Israel, in order to distancier of the idolâtres. Are in this case:

the wine, which must be manufactured without any intervention of nice or not-Jew in the line production, because at times talmudic, the wine drinkings were a strong gesture running among the idolâtres. The interaction cannot even take place in an indirect way, such as for example by a hand holding a knife touching the wine bottle, by nona Jew. Some décisionnaires, and the Jews which yield with their decisions, push this principle until refusing to have nonJewish guests, or Jews not-practitioners, of fear of making unsuitable to consumption a wine however prepared in the règles.
This point does not relate to the other alcohols, produced starting from other elements, such as vodka, the whiskey, etc It exists however (in Poland in particular) of manufactures of Vodka kosher, whose grains were carefully sorted, so that the small possibly captive insects are eliminated from it.
the cheese and of many dairy products (Hebrew: חלבישראל, Halav Israel , milk of child of Israel)
certain dishes
According to some, and only in certain circumstances, the bread

The Samaritains constitute a particular case because, although they are not recognized like members of the assembly of Israel, the Talmud authorizes the consumption of their food, under supervision of a Jew.

Permitting kashering with less than boiling toilets under some circumstances (which permits has dishwasher to Be used for meatus and dairy dishes, although not At the same time, provided the dishwasher will not absorb particles off the food)

Classifying various chemical additive derived from non-kosher permissible meatus products ace nonfood and (for example, permitting rennet from cow' S stomachs to Be used in cheese and horse-hoof gelatin in foods)

has variety off additional details.

Although Reconstructionist Judaism and sum prospects within Reform Judaism encourages individuals to follow nap gold all aspects off the kashrut rules required by the more traditional branches, thesis branches C not require to their observance and C not maintain to their own sets off required rules. -->Torah which made the object of many comments and interpretations during the ages. They belong to the oral Bible which is transcribed in the Michna at the Babylonian period . Some divergences appeared in the various communities of the Jewish Diaspora.

The western world, the Middle East and North Africa where the Jews lived influenced the establishment of the traditions and gave place to the applications which follow.

Pure and impure animals

In their book the revealed Bible (editions Bayard 2002), Finkelstein and Silberman speak about archaeological research in the vestiges of XI|E and XII|E front centuries J. - C., in the high-grounds of the east of current the the West Bank. One found there villages which the authors think of being the first establishments Jews of the Holy Land. Many bones of animals were found in these villages, with a notable exception: those of pig, completely absent. The food interdict of the pig would be thus very old. -->

Certificate and label of cacheroute

Justification of the cacheroute

The Bible does not provide any justification to the laws of the cacheroute. Certain commentators tried to find there motivations of food hygiene or defense of the animals.

An explanation sometimes given for these rules would be the fact that in the Judaism, any life is important, including the animal life. The rules of cacheroute are precisely very restrictive concerning the consumption and the preparation of the meat, contrary to the plants where almost any restriction is not found. It is besides one of the reasons for which Israel is one of the countries where there are the most vegetarians. However, this explanation seems curious insofar as one does not include/understand well why the life of certain animals would be less invaluable than that of others.

Hygienic reasons were often called upon to explain the origin of these practices. It was however not possible to show this assertion. Certain people, under raised latitudes, consume the pigmeat (pillar of the food economy in China), which is not a ruminant, and thus unauthorized by the cacheroute, without verifiable disadvantage.

A contrario , the constraints of the cacheroute caused to weld a religious community dispersed around the Mediterranean basin and in Central Europe during more: 1500 years and today on the five continents, while isolating it from its ethnic environment, which prevented that it is diluted with the wire of the history.

The cacheroute has a level of priority lower than that of another command: the safeguarding of the life. If the respect of the cacheroute risk to result in death, it is the safeguarding of the life which must carry it. In period of famine, the respect of the cacheroute can thus be suspended. The rabbis had thus authorized the consumption of the pig in the Ghetto of Warsaw because the lack of food endangered the people at it of death.

Who maintains the cacheroute?

There does not exist central authority charged with the respect of a " dogme" : they are normally the rabbis who of it are charged.

In France they are the consistories, local collective structures, and their rabbis, who maintain the spirit, and adapt possibly the contents of the Law.

In France, the visible increase in number “kasher” trade in the big cities leaves think that the practice is not abandoned. For much of Jews, even not-practitioners, the fact of eating pig remains a major interdict, considered as a total renouncement of a religious and cultural membership.

At the 17th century, Sabbataï Tsevi, regarded as a false Messiah by the Jews, modified part of these rules for its partisans, while keeping the basic principles.

Situation in Europe

So that its meat is kasher, the animal must be cut down without preliminary dizzy spell. However, this dizzy spell is obligatory in the European Union to decrease the suffering of the animal. The meat casher, a priori, is thus prohibited by the EU law. However, in a preoccupation with a tolerance with respect to the religious groups, certain countries set up a mode of exemption for what they call the ritual slaughter: Directive 93/119/CE of the European Community. In practice, the situation is different according to the countries and develops in time. Norway (since 1930), Sweden (since 1938), Iceland, Switzerland (since 1893), Greece, Luxembourg and six provinces of Austria do not authorize any exemption. The meat casher is thus prohibited; on the other hand, it is often allowed to import some from abroad. The case of Switzerland is even more complicated because the importation is only authorized for the community Jew. In Germany, in the United Kingdom, in the Netherlands, and Denmark, one observes a questioning of these exemptions. In France and Belgium, associations of animal protection as the OABA try to sensitize the opinion but without success up to now. In Spain, Ireland, Italy, there is an exemption without public debate.

If the total ban of the meat casher in Europe is not topicality, it could on the other hand occur in the medium term a strong raising of prices slowing down this consumption. Indeed, following the recrudescence of the epidemics concerning the European cattle these last years, consumers' associations require more and more traceability on all the meats. They insist thus, in particular, on the fact of seeing appearing in all letters on the label according to which rite the animal was cut down. However, currently, taking into account religious prohibition to consume the back of ox, half of the meat casher is regarded as unsuitable with consumption of the community Jew and is resold, in an anonymous way, in the traditional die.

In a report/ratio written by the COPERCI (Standing Committee of Coordination of the Inspections: General inspection of the Administration, General inspection of Agriculture, veterinary General advice) given in September 2005 (but not published) to the Ministers of Interior Department and Agriculture, it is specified that a considerable share “of shot down meat the ritually is sold in the traditional circuit, without particular mention”.

These most tender parts being and most expensive of ox, their cost is dominating in the cost of the meat cashere. If, once these informed consumers, some were sulky this meat, its price would fall and the price of the meat cashere would increase mechanically. This is why the slaughter-houses Jews refuse with force the installation of such a system of traceability.

Situation in the United States

Orthodoxe Judaism, 22% of the 4.3 million American Jews, and the preserving Judaism, 33%, are due so that the Jews follow the laws of the cacheroute because it is, for them, a religious obligation. Reformed Judaism, 38%, and the Judaism reconstructionist, 2%, think that its laws do not have to be applied any more.

Historically, the reformed Judaism, the most important movement with 1,1 million members, was actively opposed to the cacheroute like archaism preventing the integration of the Jews in the general society. More recently, some parts of reformed started to explore the option of a more traditional approach. This faction, called “tradition-bending” of agreement with is reformed which thinks that the rules of the cacheroute are not obligatory, but believes that the Jews should plan to maintain them because it is a good manners to reinforce the holiness of their life. Thus, of the Jews are encouraged to plan to adopt a part or all the rules of the cacheroute on a purely voluntary basis. The movement of Reconstructionistes recommends that its members accept some of the rules of the cacheroute, but to do it on a nonconstraining mode; their position on the cacheroute is identical to the wing “tradition-bending” of the reform.

Many Jews which do not fulfill the complete requirements of the cacheroute nevertheless maintain a certain subset of the laws; for example, avoid the pig, the molluscs and shellfish. Many Jews will avoid in the same way the milk consumption with a meat dish. In the same way, much keep a degree of cacheroute at the house all while not having any problem to eat in a restaurant non-casher, or will not follow the rules of the cacheroute while eating outside whereas they follow them to the house.

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