CAD CAD - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

CAD CAD (155 with Bozhou - March 15th 220 with Luoyang) or Ts' ao Ts' ao (Chinese traditional and simplified: zh-Hant 曹操; Pinyin: Cáo Cāo ), of sound social First name Mengde (Hant 孟德, Mèngdé ), was a Seigneur of war, writer and Poète of the end of the Dynastie Han in ancient China.

Prime Minister of the last emperor of the dynasty Han, it is made main of all the north of China and establishes the foundations of the Royaume of Wei of which it will receive on a purely posthumous basis the name of emperor Wu (zh-Hant 魏武帝, Wèi Wǔdì ). Called the “Hero of chaos”, he is the author of many bearing books on the strategy and the military tactics and is one of the traditional commentators of the Art of the war of Sun Zi. As a poet, it is with his sons CAD pi and CAD Zhi the figurehead of the style known as jian' year (of the name of the era jian' year).

Following the example Cardinal of Richelieu in the Three Musketeers , the novel of Luo Guanzhong the History of the Three Kingdoms , as well as the Chinese theater and opera contributed to make to CAD CAD in the popular tradition the prototype of the minister félon and machiavelic.

CAD CAD is known in Japan under the name of Sōsō Mōtoku , and in Korea under that of Jojo Maengdeog .

Biography

Genealogy

CAD CAD is born in 155 (2nd year of Yongxin ) in Qiao (zh-Hant 譙) in the district from Pei (zh-Hant 沛), today the prefecture of Bozhou in the province of Anhui. He is the son of CAD Song, officer of the imperial Court of Han, which was the adoptive son of CAD Teng, one of eunuques the favorites of the emperor Huandi.

According to certain historical sources, whose Biographie of CAD Cheating the , CAD Song would have had as a Xiahou family name, which would have made to CAD CAD the cousin of Xiahou Dun and Xiahou Yuan. It is also this genealogy which is included in the Histoire of the Three Kingdoms .

CAD CAD receives for first name “taboo” Cāo (zh-Hant 操), for first name of Ā-Mán childhood (zh-Hant 阿瞞), and for social Prénom Mèngdé (zh-Hant 孟德). CAD CAD would also have been called Jí Lì (zh-Hant 吉利).

Childhood and youth

At the time of its childhood, CAD CAD is shown shining, but is more known for its roublardise and its vice that for its political and literary talents. According to the Biography of CAD Cheating the , also included in the History of the Three Kingdoms , CAD CAD takes pleasure in hunting and the music in company of Yuan Shao. His/her uncle is annoyed this situation and regularly reproaches CAD Song his indulgence towards his son. One day, CAD CAD makes pretense have an attack in front of his/her uncle, which precipitates to inform CAD Song of them. When this one comes to see his/her son, it finds it in perfect health and is astonished some. CAD CAD says to him: “I never suffered from any disease of this kind, but I lost the affection of my uncle, and this one misled you. ” Following this episode, CAD Song ceases paying attention to all that the uncle can say to him, and CAD CAD makes increasingly bold.

The contemporary Anecdotes and new remarks of Liu Yiqing in the chapter Deception and cheating tell an anecdote according to which in their youth, CAD CAD and Yuan Shao make irruption in a ceremony of marriage, and shout: “With the robber! ” All the guests leave in the garden, and benefitting from confusion, CAD CAD kidnaps the bride, the viol under the threat of a knife, imitated then by Yuan Shao. While leaving, Yuan Shao is caught in brambles of an orange tree and cannot move. CAD CAD shouts then: “the robber is here”. Finally Yuan Shao manages to be extirpated and to flee.

Because of its discharged behavior, few people are really interested in the talent of CAD CAD, apart from the commander Qiao Xuan, considered according to the Annales of Han of Zhang Fan for his impartiality and by the Livre of Wei to evaluate the potential of people correctly. Qiao Xuan assoit the reputation of CAD CAD while admitting never not having seen such a talent, and advises to him to belong to the circle of knowledge of Xu Zijiang (the soothsayer Xu Shao in the Histoire of the Three Kingdoms ) in order to make known its name.

According to the Chronic of Sun Sheng , CAD CAD would have one day requested from Xu Zijiang: “Which kind of anybody am I? ”. Xu Zijiang would have at the beginning refused to answer him, then in a hurry on several occasions would have said to him: “In times of peace, you would be an able minister, in chaotic times you would be a hero félon. ” Flattered, CAD CAD bursts of laughing. It is this scene, which also appears in the Histoire of the Three Kingdoms , which was worth with CAD CAD its nickname of “Hero of chaos” or “Hero of chaotic times” (zh-Hant 亂世之奸雄).

At twenty years, CAD CAD is quoted for its filial devotion and its incorruptibility. It is made Mandarin and receives the magistrature of the northern district of Luoyang, then the capital. According to the Biography of CAD Cheating the , CAD CAD does not hesitate to make whip with dead all those which do not respect the curfew, independently of its row or its richness. Jian Shuo, eunuque favorite of the emperor Lingdi, viol the curfew and is carried out. CAD CAD accumulates resentments of others then mandarins which recommends it so that it is transferred out of the capital, in the district of Dunqiu.

CAD CAD is then promoted with Yilang. According to the Book of Wei , about this time, the large general Dou Wu and the large tutor Chen Fan try to be caught some with the eunuques ones. But the latter make them fall in disgrace. CAD CAD then writes a report with the emperor in whom it defends probity for Dou Wu and Chen Fan, and shows itself extremely critical towards the climate of treachery and iniquity which reigns at the Court. The Lingdi emperor is annoyed some and made publish an edict declaring that “whoever presents a report criticizing the inefficiency of the government in the businesses local and regional will see itself regarded as a sower of rumors and will be dislocated of his functions. ” CAD CAD sends nevertheless a new report which exposes the faults of the Three Ministries which in their edicts are concealed to have to them in order to avoid any conflict with the nobility. The emperor, this time sensitive to the arguments of CAD CAD, thinks of solving the problem by the dissolution of the Three Ministries, but this action does nothing but worsen the political situation. Thinking the resolution of these problems impossible, CAD CAD does not say anything any more.

Military beginnings

In 184 (last year of Guanghe and 1 year of Zhongping ) bursts the revolt of the Yellow Turbans, a popular insurrection where the peasants were rolled up a yellow fabric around the head in rallying sign with the sect nun the way of the great peace carried out by Zhang Jiao. CAD CAD is promoted ordering cavalry (zh-Hant 騎都尉, qí dōuwèi ) and is sent to fight the gangsters of the Yin river. It receives then the chancellery of the country of Ji' nan, which included ten districts then. According to the Book of Wei , the mandarins then received many bribes and corruption made any administration effective impossible. Moreover, the middle-class men of the area to the wire of the centuries had made build many temples with their name. By taking the direction of Ji' nan, CAD CAD writes a report to make deposit eight corrupted civils servant and by doing this, to facilitate the administration of the country. It also makes prohibit the sacrifices, makes demolish many temples and makes some exorcize the phantoms.

CAD CAD is then pointed out to be named Grand Administrator of the district of Dong (zh-Hant 東郡太守, Dōng-jùn tàishǒu ), but it refuses this promotion, and is made pass sick to return in its native village. According to the Book of Wei , it fears whereas its native area does not have to suffer from its critics of the capacity, and prefers being on the spot to keep it. It makes build a hut apart from the walls of the city and makes use of it as bases to study traditional during spring and the summer, and to drive out with the arc during the autumn and the winter.

A little later the inspector of Jizhou, Wang Fen, like Xu You de Nanyang and Zhou Jing de Peiguo assembled a plot to deposit the Lingdi emperor and to establish in his place the marquis de Hefei. They tried to associate CAD CAD with their company but this last refused, and the plot ends up failing.

This same year, in Jincheng, two men, Bian Zhang and Han Sui, assassinate the inspector of the area and assemble a rebellion to which unite more than one hundred thousand people. CAD CAD receives the load of “colonel who deals with the army” (zh-Hant 典軍校尉, diǎn jūn jiào wèi ).

In 189 (6th year of Zhongping ), the Lingdi emperor dies and his/her oldest son, Bian (the emperor Shaodi) succeeds to him.

Rebellion against Dong Zhuo

The mother of the new emperor, the empress dowager, ensures regency. At that time, his/her brother, the marshal He Jin, plots with Yuan Shao against the eunuques ones. However, those profit from the support of the empress, who refuses of their withdrawing it. He Jin thus decides to call Dong Zhuo at the court, with the intention to use its military troops to make pressure on his/her sister. But before Dong Zhuo does not reach Luoyang, He Jin is made assassinate by the eunuques ones. When Dong Zhuo arrives in the capital, it deposits the Shaodi emperor to make assemble on the throne the young brother of this last, Xian, that it estimates ready to reign. Then, Dong Zhuo appoints CAD CAD “colonel of the valiant cavalry” (zh-Hant 驍騎校尉, xiāo qí jiào wèi ) in the intention to join its talents of strategist. Nevertheless, CAD CAD prefers to flee the capital and to turn over towards its native village, in the east, while following the small roads under a name of loan (according to the Livre of Wei , it would have already envisaged the defeat of Dong Zhuo and did not wish to join him). According to various chronicles whose divergent opinion as for the circumstances, it would have been constrained to kill the family of Lu Boshe, one of his/her old friends who lodged it (see low the section Citations allotted to CAD CAD).

Dong Zhuo launches a warrant for arrest against CAD CAD and, while it crosses Zhongmou, this one is stopped by suspicieux guards. He is recognized by one of the inhabitants of the city which goes parking for him and the fact of releasing. While arriving at Qiao, it sells all its family possessions in order to assemble towards January 190 an army against Dong Zhuo. According to the Histoire of the world , Wei Zi of Chenliu comes to him financially to assistance, which enables him to add five thousand men to its troops.

Towards February - March 190 (1 year of Chuping ), CAD CAD joined the alliance of Yuan Shu, Han Fu, Kong Zhou, Liu Dai, Wang Kuang, Yuan Shao, Zhang Miao, Qiao Mao, Yuan Yi and Bao Xin. Yuan Shao is elected chief of alliance and CAD CAD takes the function of “vigorous general” (zh-Hant 奮武將軍, fèn wǔ jiāngjūn ). In April, Dong Zhuo discovers the lifting of the rebellious army. It decides to transfer the capital to Chang' year (today Xi' year) and to move the emperor there while itself remains in garrison with Luoyang and pares fire with the palate. Yuan Shao had then posted its troops with Henei, Miao, Dai, Mao, Yuan Yi in Suanzao, Yuan Shu in Nanyang, Kong Zhou in Yingzhuan and Han Fu with Ye. The army of Dong Zhuo enjoys the numerical superiority and no lord of alliance dares being the first to attack it. CAD CAD would then have said: “A virtuous army is now raised to put an end to the rebellion, and here us are thus all joined together. Messeigneurs, why do you thus hesitate? When Dong Zhuo learns that an army rises in Shandong, it will use of the imperial capacity to occupy the strategic positions of both Zhou of which it will be able to dispatch troops towards the east to ensure its seizure on the Empire. Its actions will have beautiful being immoral, they are enough to put to us in danger! It has just pared fire with the palate, has constrained the Emperor to flee the capital, and put the Empire in state of shock. The people cannot with which leader dedicate themselves any more. It is the moment that the Skies chose to make it perish. Only one battle will be enough for us to make safe the Empire. We cannot waste this occasion! ”

Consequently, CAD CAD carries out its army towards the west to capture Changgao. Zhang Miao makes it accompany by Wei Zi and its troop. Once arrived at the Bian river at Xingyang, CAD CAD faces the army of the general Xu Rong and undergoes a heavy defeat. During the battle, CAD CAD receives an arrow in the shoulder and its horse is wounded. His/her cousin CAD Hong offers his horse to him so that it can escape with the favor of the night. Xu Rong thinks of coming quickly to end from the army from CAD CAD, in numerical inferiority, but is surprised by its long resistance and ends up beating a retreat.

Once arrived at Suanzao, CAD CAD notices that although the coalition joins together more than one hundred thousand men, their leaders prefer to spend their time drinking rather than to plan their advance. CAD CAD sermonizes them and their fact this speech: “Messeigneurs, listen to my strategy. The lord Yuan Shao can lead his troops established to Henei to attack Mengjin while the other leaders will keep Chenggao, and will capture Aocang, Huanyuan and Taigu. We will control all the strategic points thus. The general Yuan Shu will be able on his side to carry out his army of Nanying towards daN and Xi in order to be able to cross the procession of Wu and by doing this to disturb the three districts surrounding the capital. It will be necessary for us to give an opinion behind high walls and major trenches, not to engage the enemy openly, and to use of artifices to induce the doubt at the adversary. It is by showing our power with all the empire and by punishing the rebels of our virtue that we can establish peace quickly. Our men joined our right cause, but while hesitating we cannot advance any more and the Empire loses any hope then. Messeigneurs, I have shame for you! ”. Zhang Miao and the other chiefs of the coalition reject his plan.

The army of CAD CAD is weak. It thus joins Xiahou Dun to go to Yangzhou, in order to recruit men. The inspector of the area, Chen Wen, and the large administrator of Danyang offer to them more than four thousand men. At the time of a voyage in Longkang, the majority of the soldiers rebel: according to the Book of Wei , several of them put fire at the tent of CAD CAD and it is forced of in occire ten of its sword before putting them in escape. There remain to him nothing any more but five hundred men. Once in Jiangping, in the district of Zhi, it recruits troops again and adds more than one thousand of men to his army, before being put in garrison at Henei.

Liu Dai and Qiao Mao get along badly. Liu Dai ends up killing Qiao Mao. On their side, Yuan Shao and Han Fu plot to establish Liu Yu, the governor of Youzhou, as an emperor. CAD CAD is opposed to it: “To make a as abrupt change with the Empire in the state as it is, which could pacify it? Messeigneurs, if you, you dealt with north, for my part I turn to the west. ” Yuan Shu enters then in possession of the imperial jade seal, and, sitted beside CAD CAD, it nargue this last while making him tap the seal on its shoulder. CAD CAD laughs at derision and guard of resentment towards Yuan Shu. According to the Book of Wei , at the time of this episode, CAD CAD would have burst to laugh while saying “Not, I will not listen to you! ”. Yuan Shu would have insisted and sent somebody to persuade CAD CAD, while announcing to him: “The Yuan lord orders many men now, its two sons are adult, and all join with its heroism. Who thus exceeds it? ” CAD CAD does not answer, preferring not to sacrifice alliance while quarreling with Yuan Shu.

With the Spring 191 (2nd year of Chuping ), Yuan Shao and Han Fu continue to plot to make assemble Liu Yu on the throne, but this last retracts, not daring to endorse such a role. At April, Dong Zhuo goes to Chang' year and, in July, Yuan Shao obliges Han Fu to let it take the control of Jizhou.

The gangsters of Heishan, carried out by Yu Of, Bai Rao and Sui Gu are strong of one hundred thousand men. They plunder the cantons of Wei and Dong. Wang Dong is unable to resist to them and CAD CAD directs soon its troops on Dong, where it demolishes Bai Rao in Puyang. Yuan Shao then recommends CAD CAD to the rank of large administrator of Dong, the same station that CAD CAD had refused at one time.

With the Spring. They enter the province of Yan, kill Zheng Sui, the chancellor of Rencheng, then invade Dongping. Liu Dai launches an open attack against them in spite of a warning statement of Bao Xin, and is made kill, leaving Yan without governor. According to the History of the world , it is Chen Gong which recommends CAD CAD like new governor. Bao Xin, accompanied by the mandarins of Yan go in the district of Dong to offer to CAD CAD the load of governor of Yan.

CAD CAD and Bao Xin are linked to attack the Yellow Turbans in the east of Shouzhang, but Bao Xin is killed at the time of a battle. CAD CAD makes organize excavations to find the body but without success. It makes cut a wood statue to its effigy to replace its body at the time of the funeral.

According to the Book of Wei , CAD CAD deploys a thousand of riders and infantrymen to inspect the battle field, but must fight under adverse conditions and loses several hundreds of men. It remains with CAD CAD only few veterans, the new recruits being inexperienced. In order to maintain the discipline, it takes part in person in the rounds, in armor and heaume, and clearly makes include/understand the rewards or punishments which the soldiers can hope for to draw from their behavior.

At the time of the Winter 192 - 193, the army of CAD CAD manages to make move back the Yellow Turbans until Jibei. CAD CAD receives the rendering of: 300000 soldiers, like that of more than one child, woman million and old man. It amalgamates its army with that of the Yellow Turbans overcome to form a troop of baptized elite “the army of Quingzhou. ”

Skirmishes against Yuan Shu

Frictions appear between Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu. This last seeks support near Gongsun Zan, which sends Liu EIB in garrison to Gaotang, daN Jiang in Pingyuan and CAT Qian in Fagan in order to make pressure on Yuan Shao. CAD CAD decides to be combined in Yuan Shao, and demolishes the troops of Gongsun Zan to each battle.

With the Spring 193, CAD CAD folds up its troops on Dingtao.

The death of CAD Song

In Xiapei, That Xuan assembles a few thousands of partisans and proclaims emperor. CAT Qian, then governor of the Xu, raises an army to ensure its support to him. It captures the cities of Hooted and Fei of the prefecture of Taishan before plundering Rencheng. At the time of the Fall 193, CAD CAD tackles CAT Xian and captures more than one ten cities, but without managing to dislodge this last.

With the Spring:

according to the History of the world , CAD Song, then in the district of Taishan in the county of Hooted intended to turn over to its native village and CAD CAD had required of Ling Shao, the large administrator of Taishan, to escort CAD Song through Yan, but this last did not do anything of it. CAT Qian then sent a few thousands of riders and CAD Song, believer who it was about the escort of Ling Shao, did not prepare any defense. When the soldiers of CAT Qian arrived, they killed CAD Of, the little brother of CAD CAD. CAD Song tried to flee with horse, but his/her concubine - strong gross according to the chronicle - blocked the passage to him. CAD Song then tries to flee by the toilets but is caught up with and assassinated with his/her concubine and her family. Ling Shao, terrorized to have to undergo the revenge on CAD CAD for its failure with its obligations, gave up its station and took refuge at Yuan Shao. Later, when CAD CAD arrived took the control of the province of Ji, Ling Shao will have already died;
according to the Chronic of Wu of Wei Yao, CAD Song had with its escort of many goods. CAT Qian sent its officer Zhang Kai with two hundred riders to protect CAD Song, but this last prefers to kill CAD Song to take its possessions and to desert. CAD CAD estimated that CAT Qian was the person in charge and assembled a forwarding against him.

At the time of the be, CAD CAD besieges Puyang, and the Tian clan which directs the city offers him his rendering and lets it enter. CAD CAD puts fire at the doors of the city to show its determination not to make half-turn. Its army then is attacked by Drunk Lu and is overcome. CAD CAD is challenged by Drunk Lu soldiers who are unaware of his identity: “Where is CAD CAD? ”. CAD CAD answers them: “It is this person over there, on the yellow horse. ” The Drunk Lu men put themselves then drive out some of the man to the yellow horse, letting CAD CAD flee through the doors of the city on fire.

The generals of CAD CAD, having lost about sight this last during the escape of their army, worry. When it joined the remainders of its dispersed army, CAD CAD sounds itself the lifting of the troops to show with all which it is well in life, and gives the order to build weapons of seats quickly. Its army faces that of Lu Drunk during more than one hundred days. This year, a great famine had taken place because of an invasion of grasshopper, and Drunk Lu is soon without provisions, nor fodder for its horses. The two armies must then be folded up.

In October 194, CAD CAD returns in Juancheng. Lu Drunk folds up itself on Chengshi but east demolishes by Li Jin and must flee towards the east and be established in Shanyang. Yuan Shao sends an emissary at CAD CAD to propose an alliance, and this last, which had just lost Yan and with end of provisions, thinks of accepting. However Cheng Yu is opposed to it and CAD CAD takes its advice. In November 194, CAD CAD goes to Deng' E.

This year, because of the invasion of grasshoppers, the price of a hu of millet (approximately hundred liters) reached more than one half million of monetary units of the time, and the cannibalism appears. CAD CAD must stop the recruitment of new soldiers. CAT Qian dies without CAD CAD being able to avenge death for his/her father, and Liu EIB replaces it at its post of governor of Xu.

With the Spring. It is true that Yuan Shao has great ambitions, but it is slow to seize opportunities, and will not attack me. ” Guo Jia supports its opinion and CAD CAD manages to inflict a defeat with Liu EIB, and to capture one of its generals, Xiahou Bo. Liu EIB takes refuge at Yuan Shao and CAD CAD captures his wives. Liu EIB sends Guan Yu to keep Xiapi, but this last, besieged by CAD CAD, must go. Chang Xi is raised in its turn in support for Liu EIB but is him also overcome by CAD CAD. CAD CAD returns then in Guandu to face Yuan Shao, but this last then does not appear.

In March, Yuan Shao sends to Guo You, Chunyu Qiong and Yan Liang to besiege Liu Yan in Baima, and leaves for Liyang where it prepares to cross the Yellow River. In April, CAD CAD sends reinforcements to Liu Yan, and, on the councils of Xun You, made mine of going in Yanjin to cross the Yellow River, like taking with reverse the army of Yuan Shao. This last reacts while directing its troops to the west, but CAD CAD moves in fact towards Baima, and sends Zhang Liao and Guan Yu to face Yan Liang. Those kill it and put its routed army. CAD CAD demolishes the head office of Baima then and moves of them the inhabitants in the west of the Yellow River.

Yuan Shao crosses in its turn the Yellow River to continue CAD CAD and arrives at the south of Yanjin. The soldiers of CAD CAD report to this one that the army of Yuan Shao is “too numerous to be counted” and CAD CAD orders to them to give up horses and saddles. The caravans of rationing of Baima are then reversed on the way and the generals of CAD CAD advise to him quickly to put them at the shelter while Xu You rather advises to make a soft food for the unfavourable troops of it. Yuan Shao sends Wen Chou and Liu EIB to continue CAD CAD and gives them six hundred riders. When those arrive, the generals advise with CAD CAD to take the horses and to flee, but CAD CAD refuses there, and gives the order to attack at the time when the enemy troops put foot at ground to take possession of the provisions and the horses given up by CAD CAD. The troops of CAD CAD gain the combat and Wen Chou is killed in the battle. CAD CAD is folded up then on Guandu, while Yuan Shao leaves to defend Yangwu, and free Guan Yu CAD CAD to join Liu EIB.

In the month of September, Yuan Shao establishes its camp opposite that of CAD CAD, and makes build sand dunes on ten Li (5 km) of is in west to reinforce it. CAD CAD also makes build fortifications in answer. According to the Yearly of the dynasties Han and Jin , Xu You advises in Yuan Shao not to directly face CAD CAD but to be satisfied to retain it with a division and to go to capture the emperor, but Yuan Shao does not want to take its advice.

CAD CAD has then less than ten thousand soldiers and one on five was wounded, while according to the Chroniques origins , Yuan Shao has more than one hundred thousand men. Yuan Shao approaches Guandu and starts to trench fortifications and, imitated by CAD CAD. Yuan Shao attacks the soldiers of CAD CAD with its archers over the fortifications and the latter must move through the camp by covering their shields. Moreover, CAD CAD suffers from problems of supply and writing with Xun Yu by expressing its intention to him to turn over to Xu. In its answer, Xun Yu advises to him to continue the combat.

Meanwhile, Sun This learns that CAD CAD is occupied fighting Yuan Shao and undertakes to assemble an army to attack Xu, but is assassinated before being able to put its plan at execution. In Runan, on the request for Yuan Shao, Liu pi, old ordering Yellow Turbans, Xu plunders. Yuan Shao sends Liu EIB to assist it while CAD CAD sends CAD Ren to attack Liu pi. Liu EIB flees and CAD Ren destroyed the camping of Liu pi.

Yuan Shao makes transport to its camp several thousands of coaches of supply. CAD CAD, on an idea of Xun You, sends Xu Huang and Shi Huan to intercept the caravan and to burn all the coaches of them. In October, Yuan Shao makes escort its supply trolleys by more than ten thousand men, placed under the orders of Chunyu Qiong and five other generals, to store them in a reserve with 20 km in north. Meanwhile, Xu You, furious to see Yuan Shao making case of its councils little, ends up deserting it, placing themselves under the orders of CAD CAD, and subjects to this last the idea to attack Chunyu Qiong.

According to Biography from CAD Cheating , when CAD CAD learns that Xu You comes to join it, he it will accommodate and barefeet in person. Xu You questions it: How much provisions do you have?

- what to hold one year.

- It is not true, answer me again.

- what to hold six months.

- Obviously you do not wish to overcome malefic the Shao clan. You me known as step the truth.

- I, actually I one month, but can I have what to hold joked make differently?

- Lord, you have only one army to defend you, nobody to come to your help, your reserves of grain are exhausted soon and your situation is critical. The Yuan clan rests on many the vivres that they stored in Wuchao with Gushi and their camp lacks discipline. They do not expect an attack: you should use a light troop to attack them and burn their vivres. Within three days, the Yuan clan will be beaten.

This scene is taken again in a way more dramatized in the Histoire of the Three Kingdoms .

The majority of its subordinates hesitate to carry out this plan, but Xun You and Jia Yi approve, and CAD CAD thus orders with CAD Hong to defend the camp while it starts from night in person with five thousand men and reached the warehouse of Yuan Shao to the dawn. Chunyu Qiong, by seeing the army of CAD CAD approaching, considers this one weak and decides to attack it apart from the ramparts. But its disorganized army and it is CAD CAD which strikes first, forcing Chunyu Qiong to fold up itself. CAD CAD makes the seat of the reserve then, but Yuan Shao dispatches riders to come to assistance of Chunyu Qiong. Some generals of CAD CAD propose to him to concentrate on these riders, but CAD CAD their advertisement which the main objective is the seat. The men of CAD CAD, taken out of clipper are forced to fight with the energy of despair, and end up invading the reserve and beating Chunyu Qiong which will be carried out with the other generals of Yuan Shao. The Biographie of CAD Cheating the reports that although CAD CAD made decapitate the officers Sui Yuanjin, Han Juzi, Lu Weihuang and Zhao Rui, it is satisfied to make cut the nose of Chunyu Qiong and leaves him the safe life. It makes then kill thousand men, their fact of cutting the nose, and makes slice the lips and languages of all the horses and oxen to expose them in front of the army of Yuan Shao. When he questions Chunyu Qiong, this one says to him: “Does Victoire or defeat come from the sky, why put more questions? ” CAD CAD wishes it to save, but Xu You the warn: “Once the day will be raised and that he will see himself in the ice, he will perhaps not have been beneficial to save it. ” Consequently CAD CAD makes it carry out.

When Yuan Shao learns the fate from Chunyu Qiong and its supply, it decides to benefit from the absence of CAD CAD to attack its principal camp and sends Zhang He and Gao Lan to besiege CAD Hong. But when those learned the defeat from Chunyu Qiong, they go. Yuan Shao and Yuan Tan beat a retreat and cross the Yellow River. CAD CAD gives him hunting without success, but takes possession of all the businesses given up by the army of Yuan Shao: library, and treasures, and made many prisoners. Among captured papers, documents are proving that officers of CAD CAD had treated with Yuan Shao. CAD CAD decides to make them burn without punishing whoever. According to the Yearly of the clan Wei , it gives this justification: “I underwent the power of Yuan Shao and I did not think myself of being able to protect me, whereas to say my men! ”

With this victory, CAD CAD is made main of all the province of Ji, thus putting a good part of the north of China under its direction.

Died of Yuan Shao

In spite of its defeat with Guandu, Yuan Shao is still active. Towards May - June 201 (6th year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD directs a forwarding on the side of the Yellow River, attacks the troops of Yuan Shao in Cangting and demolishes them. It benefits from the withdrawal of Yuan Shao to pacify the districts revolts then in September of it, returns to the capital. Yuan Shao gives to Liu EIB the mission of plundering Runan, accompanied by the rebel Gong Of the. CAD CAD sends Cai Yang to be opposed to Gong, but this forwarding shows a defeat. CAD CAD assembles then a forwarding against Liu EIB, but this last, learning that CAD CAD in person comes to face it, takes refuge at Liu Biao while the army of Gong Of is dismantled.

Towards February - March 202 (7th year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD goes with its army in Qiao and makes emit a decree:

“I raised a virtuous army to subdue any sedition in the Empire. The inhabitants of my native land have all perished. He is nobody whom I can recognize when I course Empire a whole day, and this thought plunges me in the affliction. Since I raised my virtuous army, in each time an officer or private would die without leaving descent, I always sought parents to which I could transmit his heritage, its grounds and its cattle, and I dispatched tutors to educate them. I made build temples with the use of the alive ones so that they can offer sacrifices in memory of their ancestors. Because so really the hearts exist, after my death, there is not only I can regret! ”

He moves then in Junyi to make repair the irrigation canals of Suiyang and organizes a sacrifice in memory of Qiao Xuan. He dispatches then his army in direction of Guandu.

After its last defeat, Yuan Shao falls ill and vomits blood. He dies in June and it is his/her son Yuan Shang who succeeds to him. Yuan Tan declares general Carriages and Cavalry and is posted in garrison with Liyang. In September, CAD CAD directs in person a forwarding against them and beats on several occasions them so that Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan must beat a retreat.

Fight against Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang

In April 203 (8th year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD makes besiege many cities in the neighborhoods of Liyang, and demolishes Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang which must flee with favor of the night. In May, it advances on the district of Ye (today in the province of Henan) then in the month June turns over to the capital, entrusting the town of Liyang to Jia Xu.

The June 22nd 203 (day of the jiyou ), CAD CAD emits a decree by which any general having lost a campaign judged, will be raised of his functions and will be deprived of his hereditary titles of nobility: “I rewarded the successes without punishing the failures, but this is contrary with the customs of the country! ” According to the Book of Wei , it emits a new decree the July 3rd (day of the gengshen ) answering criticisms according to which talented officers had not received a position of responsibility: “Just as I cannot reward a soldier who does not fight, I then to grant position of responsibility to officers who did not test their capacities. It is on the merit that must distribute the rewards. ”

In September, it emits a new decree forcing the study of literature in order to educate the inhabitants. Professors are sent in the cities of more than five hundred inhabitants to find new talents and to inform them.

Temporary alliance with Tan Yuan

In October, CAD CAD attacks Liu Biao and puts its army in garrison at Xiping. Whereas it leads its forwarding to the south, the brothers Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang dispute the direction of the province of Ji. Yuan Tan must beat a retreat with Pingyuan and Yuan Shang assembles a seat. In cause of despair, Yuan Tan sends Xin pi at CAD CAD to make its tender by hoping that this one comes to its assistance. Advised by Xun You, CAD CAD accepts this rendering and gives up consequently its countryside against Liu Biao. According to the Livre of Wei , it justifies this decision by the fact that on the one hand Liu Biao not to forever seize opportunities of attacking it when it was necessary and that it was always possible to conduct campaign against him later, and on the other hand that it was paramount to benefit from the discord between Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan and to make use of Yuan Tan to overcome Yuan Shang. In October, while arriving at Liyang, it prepares the marriage of one of his daughters with Yuan Tan. Learning that CAD CAD moved towards north, Yuan Shang gives up the head office of Pingyuan and takes refuge in Ye. The brothers Lu Kuang and Lu Xiang of Dongping betray Yuan Shang then, and are established in Yangping then subject themselves to CAD CAD which offers to each one the title of marquis. According to the Book of Wei , once the seat demolishes, Yuan Tan secretly sends seal of general counterfeited to Lu Kuang. Lu Kuang then gives this one to CAD CAD which announces: “I know well the poor strategies of Yuan Tan. He would like that I attack Yuan Shang so that he can plunder the population meanwhile and to assemble an army so that when Yuan Shang is beaten, he has at his disposal a force with which it will be able to benefit from my state of weakness. But I will also profit from the defeat of Yuan Shang: of which weakness will be able it to thus draw advantage? ”

Towards February - March 204 (9th year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD crosses the Yellow River and makes divert water of river IQ towards the dam Bai in order to facilitate logistics and the supply. About March-avrils, Yuan Shang besieges Yuan Tan again, leaving the guard of Ye with Su You and Shen Pei. The army of CAD CAD advances on the Huan river and attacks Ye with a strategy utilizing artificial hills and digs it tunnels. Between May and June, CAD CAD entrusts to CAD Hong the head office of Ye to attack Yin Kai, the chief of Wu' year, which had been just established in Maocheng, place of which it could control the passage of the supply coming from Shangdang. CAD CAD manages to overcome Yin Kai, then attacks Handan, kept by Ju Jiu, a general of Yuan Shang, and captures the city. Han Fan, the guard of Yiyang, and Liang IQ, the chief of She, also makes their tender and receives in reward the title of marquis.

About June-July, CAD CAD makes destroy the artificial hills and the tunnels and makes build a channel encircling Ye to divert water of the Zhang river and to flood the city. Half of the inhabitants die of the famine which results from it. About August-September, Yuan Shang returns to assist Ye and the generals of CAD CAD advise this last to avoid facing it, bus of the soldiers fighting for themselves and their birthplace is frightening. CAD CAD announces: “If Yuan Shang arrives by the main road, we will avoid it, but if it arrives by the hills at the west, we will be able to capture it. ” Yuan Shang arrives by the hills of the west and makes station its army on banks of the Fu river then tackles CAD CAD of night to try to break the seat but without success. CAD CAD puts its routed army and encircles its camping. Panicked, Yuan Shang tries to send Chen Ling and Yin Kui, the inspector of Yu, in order to subject itself, but CAD CAD refuses its rendering. Yuan Shang tries to flee with the favor of the night to take refuge in the hills of IQ, but CAD CAD catches up with it and attacks it. Before the beginning of the battle, the generals My Yan and Zhang Yi go. Yuan Shang undergoes a crushing defeat and leaves to take refuge in Zhongshan by leaving all its possessions on the spot, including its seal and its axe of ceremony. CAD CAD makes expose the soldiers captured to their families with Ye in order to accentuate the despair of besieged. About September-October, Shen Rong, a nephew of Shen Pei, makes open the door is so that the army of CAD CAD can be introduced into the city. Shen Pei tries to face the latter but is made capture and carry out. CAD CAD takes the control of Ye, then offers a sacrifice on the tomb of Yuan Shao while crying, presents its condolences to its widow, returns to the Yuan family all their possessions and their fact gift of silk trade, and vivres.

In October, CAD CAD makes emit a decree exonerating of tax the inhabitants of Hebei, touched hard by the war, and makes issue new popular laws limiting the capacity of the local leaders severely. The emperor names protective CAD CAD of Ji (zh-Hant 冀州牧, Jìzhōu-mù ), but this one refuses, preferring the province of Yan.

Died of Tan Yuan

Whereas CAD CAD carried out the head office of Ye, Yuan Tan had captured the towns of Ganling, Anping, Bohai and Hejian and when that Yuan Shang took refuge in Zhongshan after its defeat against CAD CAD, Yuan Tan besieged it, forcing it to flee in Gu' year. CAD CAD sends a letter to Yuan Tan in which it reproaches him for having violated their arrangement, and cancels the proposal for a marriage, then directs its army to attack Yuan Tan. This last gives up Pingyuan to defend Nanpi, and in January 205, CAD CAD captures Pingyuan.

In February 205 (10th year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD besieges Yuan Tan. As peasants try to conceal drudgery to break the ice while fleeing at the enemy, CAD CAD prohibits to them to go. The chief of the runaways returns to go, and CAD CAD says to him: “If I let to you go, I violate my own decree, and if I kill to you I must carry out all the runaways. Leave far you to hide and be not made capture by ours. ” The runaways set out again but were again made capture. CAD CAD ends up demolishing Yuan Tan, and the fact of carrying out with all its family, being made main of the province of Ji. It offers by decree forgiveness to the people having worked for the Yuan clan, but prohibited any personal revenge or the organization of extravagant funeral.

Fight against Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi

This same month, Jiao Chu and Zhang Nan, two general-in-chiefs of Yuan Xi, betray this last and besiege it with Yuan Shang. Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang flee to take refuge near the Wuhuan of the three districts. Jiao Chu and Zhang Nan offer the rendering of their districts to CAD CAD which offers to each one the title of marquis.

To May, Zhang Yan is subjected in its turn with its a hundred and thousand men with CAD CAD and also receives the title of marquis. Zhao Of the of Gu' year and Huo Nu assassinate the inspector of You and the large administrator of Zhuojun while Wuhuan of the three districts besiege the district of Xianyu with Guangping. In September, CAD CAD the attack, make carry out Zhao Of and its men, then crosses the river Lu to help Guangping, forcing Wuhuan to flee beyond the border.

In October, CAD CAD makes pass a decree aiming at correcting manners of the province of Ji, in particular the family bursting, the fratricidal and parricidal fights and the inceste, then in November goes to Ye.

While CAD CAD faced Wuhuan, Gao Gan, a nephew of Yuan Shao which had made its tender with CAD CAD after the capture of Ye, rebels, captures the large administrator of Shangdang, and orders with its soldiers to make safe the collar of Hu. CAD CAD sends Yue Jin and Li Dian it to attack and Gao Gan must beat a retreat and take refuge in Huguan. In February 206 (11th year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD directs a campaign against Gao Gan. This last, learning that a forwarding is launched against him, entrusts the city to its generals and leaves to require of the assistance of the Chanyu of the Huns (Xiongnu) but this one refuses. CAD CAD besieges Huguan during three months and the capture, forcing Gao Gan to flee in the province of Jing where Wang Yan, the commander-in-chief of Shangluo, stops it and the fact of carrying out.

About September-October, CAD CAD leaves to the east to shift against the pirate Guan Cheng. Once to Chunyu, he entrusts the attack to Jin and Li Dian, forcing Guan Cheng to take refuge on an island. CAD CAD removes in Donghai the three districts of Rangben, Tan and IQ, which he adds to Langya, then reduced size of the district of Changlü.

Fight against Wuhuan and final victory against the Yuan clan

Wuhuan of the three districts then make many excursions through the Great wall and plunder the province of You. As Yuan Shao of alive sound had passed from alliances with them, and treated well Tadun, powerful the chanyu of Liaoxi, Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang leaves to join them. CAD CAD conducts a campaign against them and starts digs it of a channel, which he will baptize “channel of Pinglu”, aiming at diverting water of Hutuan in the Gu river, as well as second channel, which he will baptize “channel of Quanzhou”, aiming at diverting water of the mouth of the Ju river in the river Lu. These channels thus offer to CAD CAD a passage towards the sea.

In March 207 (12th year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD leaves Chunyu to return in Ye. The March 21st (day of the dingyou ), it makes emit a decree recognizing with its subordinate clauses their merits in its victories. It offers to twenty men with the exceptional service the title of marquis and reward all his others subordinates proportionally with their merit. It also exonerates the orphans of the mandarins deceased to the combat of the conscription and the tax.

CAD CAD prepares then a campaign against Wuhuan. Its generals try at the beginning from of to dissuade it: it is not very probable that Wuhuan obey Yuan Shang, and to make a campaign against them could give to Liu EIB the opportunity to ask Liu Biao to let it attack the capital left without defense. However Guo Jia is opposed to this reasoning: Liu Biao will not be able to undoubtedly trust Liu EIB enough to offer this responsibility to him. About June-July, CAD CAD arrives at Wuzhong with its army. In August, floods make the roads costal impracticable and Tian Chou proposes with CAD CAD to guide it through the campaigns and carries out it to the garrison of Lulong, but the way was blocked. CAD CAD orders digs it on more than five hundred Li (250 km) in the valleys in order to clear a passage passing through Baitan and Pinggang, then in the territory of Xianbei, and towards the east in direction of Liucheng. Whereas there remain to them two hundred Li to traverse (100 km), Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi are prevented of its approach and prepare to attack it with Tadun, Louban (the chanyu of Liaoxi) and Nengchendizhi (the chanyu of Youbeiping). In September, CAD CAD undertakes the rise of the Bailang mount and is surprised by the enemy army. As the equipment had remained with the back of forwarding, few soldiers were in armor. However, CAD CAD realizes that the opposing army is badly organized and decides nevertheless to give the load and entrusts this operation to Zhang Liao. Wuhuan are beaten, Tadun is carried out and more than two hundred and thousand soldiers make their tender. Supuwan, the chanyu of Liaodong, flees by giving up its men, accompanied by Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi and takes refuge in Liaodong. In spite of this defeat, Yuan Shang still has several thousands of riders at its disposal.

The generals of CAD CAD has a presentiment of this last to attack Gongsun Kang, the large administrator of Liaodong in order to be able to capture the Yuan brothers but CAD CAD refuses: “I leave in Gongsun Kang the care to bring to me the heads of Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi. Useless to disturb my army. ” In October, CAD CAD leaves Liucheng with its army. Gongsun Kang makes carry out Yuan Shang, Yuan Xi and Supuwan and exposes their heads. With its perplexed generals, CAD CAD known as: “Gongsun Kang always has fears Yuan Shang. If I had pressurized it would have joined its forces with Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi. While leaving and by slackening the pressure, I left them the occasion plot the ones against the others. ” In December, it reaches the Yi river where Pufulu and Nalou, the chanyu of the districts of Dai and Shang, come to offer their congratulations to him.

Battle of red Cliff

Fight against My Chao

In Daling, Shang Yao de Taiyuan shows a rebellion and CAD CAD sends Xiahou Yuan and Xu Huang to face it. Those triumph but meanwhile, Zhang Lu captures the town of Hanzhong, and to April, CAD CAD sends Zhong Yao in punitive forwarding. It also orders in Xiahou Yuan to cross Hedong to join its forces with those of Zhong Yao.

Believer that Zhong Yao was going to attack them, My Chao, Han Sui, Yang Qiu, Li Kan and Cheng Yi are raised, and CAD CAD must send CAD Ren to face them. My Chao establishes its army with the collar of Tong, and CAD CAD, considering its position too solid and the too tested opposing army recommends to its generals not to attack it. In August, CAD CAD leaves to shift against My Chao and takes the army of this last out of clipper by occupying the positions on both sides it coll Wanting to finish some quickly, CAD CAD sends secretly Xu Huang and Zhu Ling of night to cross Puban, occupy the western bench of the Yellow River and to establish their camping there.

CAD CAD crosses in person the Yellow River to the collar of Tong, but its boats are attacked by My Chao. However, colonel Ding Fei releases the cattle and the horses, causing the disorder in the enemy rows, allowing CAD CAD to unload in all quietude and to ensure his positions on southern bank of the Yellow River. My Chao is folded up on the mouth of the Rivière Wei. CAD CAD then makes build mannequins so that the troops of My Chao does not realize that it sends a section to build a bridge with ships. CAD CAD launches the attack of night, taking My Chao completely by surprise. This last must be folded up in the south of the Wei river and sends an emissary at CAD CAD, proposer to offer to him the grounds of the west of the Yellow River in exchange of peace, but CAD CAD refuses.

In November, CAD CAD crosses the Wei river with its army, and My Chao tries on several occasions to defy it with the combat, but CAD CAD refuses. My Chao and its companions then propose to yield grounds to him and to send their sons as an hostage. On the councils of Jia Xu, CAD CAD makes pretense accept. Han Sui requires audience at CAD CAD, on pretext that this last had been recommended near the Court for its filial devotion and its incorruptibility the same year as his/her father (towards 174-175). CAD CAD accepts the audience but does not inform any moment of military businesses, being satisfied to speak about their youth to the capital and to have a pleasant conversation. When Han Sui returns from its audience, My Chao requires of him: “That the duke said? CAD”, Han Sui answered: “Not large thing. ” Like had envisaged it Jia Xu, My Chao does not believe anything and conceives consequently of it mistrust for Han Sui, wondering whether this last did not betray it. A few days later, CAD CAD sends to Han Sui a letter, but in which it voluntarily had striped and inserted many passages, giving the impression to My Chao that Han Sui had done itself these modifications and increasing the tension between the two allied ones. CAD CAD then decides to pass to the offensive and sends its light troops to tackle face, then takes the opposing army in tweezers by sending its cavalry on the two sides. During the battle, Cheng Yi and Li Kan find death, while Han Sui and My Chao flee towards the province of Liang and Yang Qiu towards Anding. Victorious, CAD CAD seizes Guanzhong.

In December, CAD CAD leaves to shift against Yang Qiu and assembles the head office of Anding. Yang Qiu ends up being subjected and CAD CAD returns to him its old title of nobility of marquis de Linying, and the mission gives him of dealing with the local businesses. Towards January - February 212, CAD CAD returns to the capital and leaves Xiahou Yuan in garrison with Chang' year.

In March 212 (17th year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD turns over to Ye and the emperor grants the privilege of being able to him to present itself in front of him without being itself made announce, and to be able to carry swords and boots in the palate. My Chao is established in Lantian with Liang Xing, and CAD CAD sends Xiahou Yuan to face it. CAD CAD redraws the administrative borders and attaches to the district of Wei of many cantons of the districts of Henei, Dong, Julu, Guangping and Zhao. About November-December, CAD CAD prepares a campaign against Sun Quan.

Creation of the duchy of Wei

In February 213 (18th year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD directs its army towards the mouth of the Ruxu river, and in Jianxi, the camping of Sun Quan crosses, capturing Gongsun Yang. An imperial edict then amalgamates the fifteen provinces to restore the nine historical provinces. In May, CAD CAD returns in Ye.

The June 16th (day of the Bingshen ), the emperor gives to CAD CAD the title of duke of Wei (zh-Hant 魏公, Wèi gōng ) and offers the nine sacraments to him. In August, CAD CAD starts to establish the government of Wei and to make build temples. The emperor marries three of his daughters, and in October, CAD CAD makes build the house of the gilded tiger, as well as a channel to divert water of Zhang through the dam of Bai until in the Yellow River. In November, it administratively divides the duchy of Wei into a district East and a Western district, each one directed by a commander-in-chief, then in December, institutes the post of Master of the Writings, as well as the institution of the regular servants and the six ministries. According to the Yearly of the clan Wei , it offers to Xun You the post of prefect of the Masters of the Writings, in Liang Mao the post of supervisor, in Mao Jie, Cui Yan, Chang Lin, Xu Yi, and He Kui the post of Master of the Writings, and to Wang Can, Of the Xi, Wei Ji and He Qia the rank of intendant of the Palate.

My Chao, then in Hanyang, is combined with the Qiang and the Wu Hu. The king of the Di, Qian Wan, joint with him and rebels, being established in Xingguo. CAD CAD sends Xiahou Yuan in punitive forwarding.

In February 214 (19th year of Jian' year ), Zhao qu of Nanan and Yin Feng of Hanyang assemble a punitive forwarding against My Chao, and carry out his wives and his/her children, forcing My Chao to flee towards Hanzhong. Han Sui goes to Jincheng and is combined with the king of Di to face Xiahou Yuan, but loses the combat and flees in Xiping. Xiahou Yuan besieges Xingguo then and massacres its inhabitants of them. CAD CAD removes the districts of Andong and Yongyang.

CAD CAD names Guanqiu Xing at the post of large administrator of Anding, a district making plug with the territories of Qiang and Wu Hu. CAD CAD gives him like council not to send anybody to treat with these people: indeed, an emissary could decide to join Qiang and Wu Hu for his own benefit, and to teach them how to treat more effectively with the Chinese with the detriment of the latter which will see a person of talent being turned over against them. Guanqiu Xing does not listen to the councils of CAD CAD and sends Fan Ling to treat with Qiang, and this last decides to join them and rises with the Mandarin row of a vassal state.

In April, the emperor raises the row of CAD CAD “to the top of the lords and of the kings” (zh-Hant 諸侯王上, zhūhóu wáng shàng ) and offers to him the gold seal, the scarlet ribbon and the cap for the long ways. In September, CAD CAD prepares a new campaign against Sun Quan. According to the Yearly of the nine provinces , the military adviser Fu Gan opposes this decision: the military capacity should according to him be used only when the civil capacity is sufficiently installed and Wu directed by Sun Quan profits from too many geographical advantages to be easily conquered. He advises with CAD CAD to concentrate on the administration of the empire and education in order to organize the assimilation of the rebellious provinces on the long run. However CAD CAD does not take its advice and the countryside shows a failure.

CAD CAD sends Xiahou Yuan to Fuhan in shift against Song Jian de Longxi, which had rebelled against the empire thirty years before. About November-December, Xiahou Yuan manages to capture Fuhan, and makes carry out Song Jian, making it possible CAD CAD to take possession of the province of Liang.

Towards December 214 - January 215, a heinous letter of the Fu empress is intercepted in whom she writes that the emperor wants some with CAD CAD to have made carry out Dong Cheng. Fearing that this letter serf of pretext to legitimate new plots in its opposition, CAD CAD makes deposit and carry out the empress and a hundred members of her clan.

End January 215, CAD CAD goes to Mengjin, and the February 5th (day of the yiwei ), emits an edict creating the position of Minister for the truth (zh-Hant 理曹掾, lǐ cáo yùan ) from now on alone ability to apply torture to the prisoners. Indeed, up to now, the torturers being able to apply torture to the prisoners were not mandarins and thus not chosen by the extremely selective contest that the latter were to pass which guaranteed a good knowledge of the laws in force.

Towards February - March 215 (20th year of Jian' year ), the emperor chooses for new empress one of the girls of CAD CAD. CAD CAD alters the administrative borders and eliminates the districts from Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Wuyuan and Shuopang and joins together them in a single district named Xinxing.

About April-May, CAD CAD leads a campaign to the west against Zhang Lu, arrives at Chencang, then made the way of Wudu to the territory of Di. The latter try to block its projection but are put in rout by Zhang He and Zhu Ling. About May-June, CAD CAD crosses the collar San and reaches Hechi where he faces Di which he ends up overcoming in May. Generals qu Yan and Jiang Shi de Xiping and Jincheng offer to CAD CAD the head of Han Sui.

In August, CAD CAD reaches the collar Yangping where he faces Zhang Wei, the brother of Zhang Lu, and the general Yang Ang. Their position being too solid to be easily overcome, CAD CAD makes pretense of raising the seat and leaving so that the relief slackens the vigilance of the enemy troops, then sends Jie Piao and Gao Zuo to attack them of night. The latter inflict a massive defeat and carry out the general Yang Ren. Zhang Wei flees, imitated later by Zhang Lu which flees in direction of Bazhong, letting the army of CAD CAD enter Nanzheng. The Ba districts and Han capitulate, and CAD CAD amalgamates the district of Hanning with that of Hanzhong, removes in Hanzhong the districts of Anyang and Xicheng to form the district of Xicheng and divides the area of Xi to form the district of Shangyong.

Creation of the kingdom of Wei

In October, the emperor gives to CAD CAD the privilege to be able to offer itself the titles of nobility, then in November, CAD CAD founds new titles of nobility aiming at rewarding the military services, but to which neither grounds are joined nor revenue. In December, Zhang Lu offers its rendering, and CAD CAD grants to him, like to five of its sons, the title of marquis. On its side, Liu EIB attacks Liu Zhang and takes possession of the province of Yi and CAD CAD counteracts by sending Zhang He to face it.

In March 216 (21e year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD returns in Ye, and the May 29th (day of the Jiawu ), the emperor appoints it king of Wei (zh-Hant 魏王, Wèi wáng ), officially making of Wei a kingdom. In September, CAD CAD names Zhong Yao at the post of Prime Minister for Wei, and in November, prepares a new campaign against Sun Quan.

In February 217 (22e year of Jian' year ), the army of CAD CAD reaches Juchao, and in April is put in garrison at Haoqi, in the west of Yangzi. Sun Quan strengthens its positions on the mouth of Ruxu, but must beat a retreat in front of CAD CAD. However, in May, CAD CAD is withdrawn in its turn, leaving Xiahou Dun, CAD Ren and Zhang Liao in garrison with Juchao. In June, the emperor authorizes CAD CAD to carry the imperial banners, and about November-December offers a ceremonial cap and a gilded carriage to him. CAD pi is named heir to the kingdom of Wei.

Liu EIB sends Zhang Fei, My Chao and Wu Lan in garrison with Xiabian, and CAD CAD sends CAD Hong to face them.

The February 18th 218 (23e year of Jian' year , day of the Jiazi ), the large prefect Ji Ben, the treasurer Geng Ji and the Minister for Uprightness Wei Huang rebel, besiege Xu and burn the offices of the chancellor Wang Bi. Wang Bi leaves in punitive forwarding, but is killed. According to the Chronic of the duke of Shanyang , while learning death from Wang Bi, CAD CAD enters a black fury and convenes all the mandarins of Xu to the capital. It orders with those having fought against the fire to be held on the left, and with those which did not fight fire to be held on the right. All the mandarins were placed on the left, thinking of being thus cleared, but CAD CAD announced: “Those which did not fight fire did not add to confusion. Those which fought fire are the true rebels. ” All were carried out. This episode is included in the Roman of the Three Kingdoms .

About May-June, CAD CAD emits a decree by which it offers to the widows, to the young orphans and to the invalids the right to be nourished by the government, and forces the people of more than ninety years to have a person residing with them. In July, it makes of Shouling a military cemetery: the soldiers must be buried on grounds hard and sterile so that the place where they rest is not disturbed by the plowmen. It also chooses to be buried on a monticule of the area.

In August, CAD CAD leaves to shift against Liu EIB and in October arrives at Chang' year. In November, in Wan, Hou Yin rebels and CAD CAD sends CAD Ren to besiege the city. In February 219 (24e year of Jian' year ), CAD Ren captures Wan and Hou Yin is carried out. Xiahou Yuan faces the troops of Liu EIB in Yangping, but is killed in the battle, and CAD CAD, in April, makes safe the strategic points and attacks in its turn Liu EIB but this last resists while making use of the geographical advantages which provide him the narrow collars. According to the Yearly of the nine provinces , CAD CAD would have emitted the order “coast of chicken” and none of its officers included/understood the direction of these words. Only the Master of the writings Yang Xiu would have started to raise the camp by providing to his men the explanation: “A man having a chicken coast demolishes himself some without back thought, this one having not enough meat and thus in it for Hanzhong is. ”

In June, CAD CAD beats a retreat and its army arrives at Chang' year. In August, it makes of Bian Lady its queen, and sends Yu Jin to reinforce CAD Ren, then fighting Guan Yu. In September, the Han river overflows and floods the army of Yu Jin, leaving in Guan Yu the occasion capture Yu Jin and besiege CAD Ren. CAD CAD sends Xu Huang in reinforcement. In October, CAD CAD relieves the Prime Minister Zhong Yao for his implication in the rebellion of Wei Fang. In November, the army of CAD CAD returns in Luoyang, and Sun Quan sends a missive in which it is subjected, and proclamation its wish that Guan Yu either demolishes. CAD CAD prepares with launching a new forwarding, but Guan Yu is finally beaten by Xu Huang and must raise the seat which it led to CAD Ren. The missive of Sun Quan raises the question of knowing if CAD CAD thinks of depositing the emperor and of taking the celestial mandate. CAD CAD is pressed by several of its advisers to take the throne, but refuses while being compared with the King Wen de Zhou

In March 220 (25e year of Jian' year ), CAD CAD arrives at Luoyang. Sun Quan manages to triumph over Guan Yu, and offers to CAD CAD its head. The March 15th (day of the gengzi ), CAD CAD dies at the age of sixty-five years. Its will indicates:

“the Empire is not pacified yet and it is thus not possible to follow the rites. Once my finished burial, which one lays out of my tinsels. That the soldiers in garrison at the borders do not leave their station. That the mandarins of any row continue to concentrate on their tasks. I wish to be buried equipped with ordinary clothing, without gold neither jade nor other treasures. ”

The April 11th (day of the dingmao ), CAD CAD is buried in Gaoling. It receives the posthumous title of king Wu (zh-Hant 武王, Wǔ wáng , “martial king”). His/her son CAD pi succeeds to him and in the year deposits the Xiandi emperor of Han, and proclaims himself first emperor of the Wei dynasty. CAD CAD will receive the posthumous title of emperor Wu de Wei (zh-Hant 魏武帝, Wèi Wǔ dì ).

Literary work

One must with CAD CAD of many newspapers of war, as well as a comment of the Art of the war, the Sun Zi Lüe Jie (zh-Hant 孫子略解), one of oldest of the kind. This comment is always traditionally provided with the editions of the Art of the war . Lionel Gilles, one of the first English translators of the Art of the War points out the extreme concision of the text of CAD CAD: “Indeed, sometimes, through concision its comments are hardly comprehensible and require as well a comment as the text”.

CAD CAD was also an accomplished poet: he is the founder of the style jian' year , taken again by his sons CAD pi and CAD Zhi. Several edicts of hand were also preserved.

Quotations allotted to CAD CAD

“Rather to betray that to be betrayed”, Lu Boshe is the sworn brother of CAD Song, the father of CAD CAD, which thus makes him to it sworn uncle of CAD CAD. Having missed its attempted murder against Dong Zhuo, CAD CAD shelters in company of Chen Gong at Lu Boshe. This last leaves to buy wine at the close village. CAD CAD and Chen Gong then hear the noise of a knife which one sharpens. Anxious, CAD CAD and “will you hear approach attach it before killing it? ” (zh-Hant “縛而殺之, 何如? ”). Believer with a treason, CAD CAD makes to irruption with Cheng Gong and keep silent all the men and the women of the house. By excavating the house, they then discover a pig bound, ready to be cut the throat of. CAD CAD and Chen Gong include/understand their error and escape. In way they Lu Boshe which returns from the village with wine and victuailles.
“Dear nephew, Lord, where do you thus go cross?
- We are required criminals and we do not dare to remain with you too longtemps.
- But I already gave the order to kill a pig! Dear nephew, Lord, does my hospitality displease to you? Please, thus return with me. ”
Cao CAD did not pay any attention to Lu Boshe, and made mine leave, then suddenly car its sword and approaches Lu Boshe.
“Which comes towards us? ” request T it. While Lu Boshe is turned over to look at, CAD CAD kills it. Chen Gong makes him reproaches then:
“We had already made a terrible error, then why this gesture?
- If it had arrived at his place and had seen its massacred family, would he have supported it patiently? If it then had sounded alarm and had launched a continuation against us, we would have in our turn be tués.
- But to kill in a deliberated way is of a great disloyalty!
- I prefer to betray the world to be betrayed by the world. ”
Horrifié by the attitude of CAD CAD, Chen Gong will leave it a little later to put at the service Zhang Miao, then of Lu Drunk.
“With each vassal its Lord. Let leave it. ” (zh-Hant “彼各為其主, 勿追也. ”). In 200, CAD CAD would have answered this its advisers who has a presentiment of it to give hunting to Guan Yu. This last, then very appreciated CAD CAD had just deserted it to join Liu EIB.
“I will employ the wise ones and the powerful ones of this world, I will guide them of my virtue, and nothing will be impossible for me! ” In the novel, CAD CAD pronounces this sentence in an excess of paranoia. The contemporary Anecdotes and new remarks of Liu Yiqing take again an equivalent quotation: “When I sleep, that one does not make the madness approach me. I will kill whoever comes too near without me to give an account of it. Made very attention! ” (zh-Hant “(我眠中不可妄近, 近便斫人, 亦不自覺, 左右宜深慎此! ”)

; Quotations of the Sun Zi Lüe Jie

“When a law is established, it is not necessary that she is violated. If she is violated, it is absolutely necessary to punish. ” zh-Hant “設而不犯, 犯而必誅. (Comment of chapter I of the Art of the War ).
“the military businesses are not treated like the businesses of state, the businesses of state are not treated like the military businesses. One does not direct an army by the customs and habits. ” (zh-Hant “軍容不入國, 國容不入軍, 禮不可以治兵也. ”) (Comment of chapter III of the Art of the War ).
“It is necessary to know to see the plant before it germinated” (zh-Hant “當見未萌. ”) (Comment of chapter IV of the Art of the War ).
“Emerge from the vacuum and strike the empty points, flee the defended places, attack where the adversary does not expect. ” (zh-Hant “出空擊虛, 避其所守, 擊其不意. ”) (Comment of chapter VI of the Art of the War ).
“Make believe that you are far then quickly cover the distance to find you on the spot before the adversary. ” (zh-Hant “示以遠, 邇其道里, 先敵至也. ”) (Comment of chapter VI of the Art of the War ).
“made not a walk of one hundred Li to gain a tactical advantage, under penalty of seeing your generals being made capture. ” (zh-Hant “百里爭利, 非也; 三將軍皆以為擒. ”) (Comment of chapter VII of the Art of the War ).
“In an advantageous situation keep in mind which the disaster can occur; in a disastrous situation keep in mind which an aubaine can occur. ” (zh-Hant “在利思害, 在害思利”) (Comment of chapter VIII of the Art of the War ).
“the soldiers can be delighted once all is finished, but they should not be worried at the beginning of the combat. compared to the context of the comment: one should not discuss the plans with the soldiers before the combat to avoid the anguish and if necessary misleading the enemy” (zh-Hant “民可與樂成, 不可與慮始. ”) (Comment of chapter XI of the Art of the War ).
“To reward the good behavior should not wait only one day! ” (zh-Hant “賞善不踰日也. ”) (Comment of chapter XII of the Art of the War ).

CAD CAD in the popular tradition

In spite of its achievements at the time of alive sound, and the fact that it overall had more success than its principal rivals Liu EIB and Sun Quan, CAD CAD very quickly became in the Chinese popular tradition the prototype of the minister crafty one and félon whose values machiavéliennes made clearly contrast with the values confucéennes that one lent to his adversaries.

Before even as is compiled its biography in the Chroniques of the Three Kingdoms compiled by Chen Shou at the 3rd century and by Pei Shongzhi at the 5th century, were written unfavourable biographies, as the Biographie of CAD cheating the which underlines with many recoveries its cheating character, hypocritical, cruel and vicious, by decorating it by many anecdotes salted.

Thus, the biography of CAD CAD which appears in the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, which is to some extent a compilation of these texts which are opposed in certain facts charged to CAD CAD and their interpretations, is thus already particularly ambiguous. This one is closed at the same time on a quotation of the Livre of Wei , extremely positive, and a quotation of the Biographie of CAD cheating the , particularly negative.

The final comment of Chen Shou, the first compiler of the chronicles is however rather positive, but it is satisfied to rent the exploits and talents of CAD CAD without making the least praise on its personality, as opposed to what it had made in the biography of Liu EIB for which it had more sympathy:

“At the time of the decline of Han, the disorder was on the Empire, of the heroes and knights rose in unison and a such tiger, Yuan Shao occupied four provinces, and its power and its richnesses were such as null could not equalize it. But Large Ancestor (CAD CAD) worked out stratagems and unified the world. He combined the methods of Shen and Shang and the tactics of Han and Bai, and could use the mandarins according to their aptitudes, without their holding rigor of their last honesties. He could thus take control of the Empire, and by his higher strategies, achieve large things. One can say that he was an exceptional man and a hero who transcends the ages. ”

Pei Songzhi, to the 5th century added the conclusion of the Biographie of CAD cheating the , definitely more negative:

“the large ancestor was frivolous and without least prestige. He liked the music and spent his days to be listened some. (…) It arrived to him laughter so strong that its cap fell into its cut and dirtied its food. He was extremely severe: if a general had a better strategy than his, it made it carry out so that there remained to him neither friendly nor enemy. When it made carry out somebody, it cried with large tears, but never did not suspend the execution. (…) At the time of a campaign it gave the order: “whoever destroyed of above going corn will be carried out” but its horse flees by trampling the fields (…) He says: “I violated the law and I should be punished, but can a commander be punished by a subordinate? I then to commit suicide either. I myself will punish myself. ” It cut the hair instead of being made cut the head. ” One day, before making a nap, it ordered with a concubine to awake it after one moment but this one the indicator to sleep so well did not dare to disturb it. With its alarm clock it did it bastonner with death. Another day, having only few vivres, it charged its intendant with using smaller equivocal to be less used to eat with the soldiers. When its army realized there, the large ancestor called to the intendant: “I take your life to you to calm my men so that my countryside can continue” and made it decapitate. It presented its head to the army while saying: “This man served as smaller rations to the soldiers to conceal the public property and was decapitated with the doors of the camp. ” Such were its tyranny and its tricks.

At the beginning of the 5th century, the contemporary Anecdotes and new remarks compiled by Liu Yiqing also tell some escapades and tricks of CAD CAD in the middle of its gallery of characters. It appears in ten anecdotes in chapters 11 ( Entrevoir the victory ) and 27 ( Duperie and cheating ) where it kidnaps and rapes a girl at the time of a ceremony of marriage, misleads its soldiers assoiffés in their making accept the existence of a plum tree to give them water to the mouth and to advance them or escapes an attempted murder from Yuan Shao.

However, at the time of the Dynasty Tang (618 - 907), CAD CAD was still perceived very positively, the Wei dynasty being still regarded as legitimate by the majority of the historians of the time. The emperor Xuanzhong would have indicated itself at least once under the name of Amman, first name of childhood of CAD CAD. He however was a historian, Liu Zhiji (661 - 721), to criticize the legitimacy of the kingdom of Wei and to rise against the glorious treatment that receipt CAD CAD by the posterity.

As the bardic tradition took again the events of the Three Kingdoms, the actions of the figures of the kingdom of Shu, in particular Liu EIB, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhuge Liang were strongly amplified in order to make of them adversaries with the height of CAD CAD. Guan Yu was even divinisé a few centuries after its death whereas its historical importance was regarded as relatively minor by the historians shortly after his death (the historical biography made by Chen Song at the 3rd century makes hardly thousand characters and the annotated version of Pei Shogzhi of the 5th century comprises of them hardly two thousand). Initially, the character of CAD CAD in this bardic tradition was not necessarily villainisé.

Under the Dynasty Song (960 - 1279), the character symbolic system of the characters of CAD CAD and Liu EIB were clearly accentuated, in particular with the writing of the Zizhi Tongjian , a kind of book of history of popularization allotted to Sima Guang. While the contents of the Zizhi Tongjian remain largely tributary of official historical annals the such Chroniques of the Three posterior Kingdoms and the Livre of Han , its fictionalized style makes of it a precursor with the writing of the novel of Luo Guanzhong. However this work still recognizes the legitimacy of the Wei dynasty.

The writings of the poets Wang Shipeng and Lu You contributed to glorifier the heroes of the kingdom of Shu, seeking to make a parallel with the contemporary conflicts with the dynasties of the north and the south which separated China. CAD CAD is then more depicts like a foreign conqueror that like vassal a félon. In 1172, the Confucianist Zhu Xi rewrote its own version of the Zizhi Tongjian , making of Liu EIB the legitimate successor of the Han dynasty and villainisant CAD CAD clearly.

Under the Dynasty Yuan (1271 - 1368), the oral tradition having milked with the historical characters of the Han dynasty gain in popularity and of compilations of stories and plays start to be written under the Dynastie Ming. Transmitted parts of this time, if CAD CAD is not necessarily villanisé there, he is never the hero. In one of the first novels, the Sanguozhi Pinghua writes in the years 1320, CAD CAD seems the reincarnation of Han Xin, a general wrongfully carried out by Liu Bang, the founder of the Han dynasty. Thus, if the first emperor of Han had caused wrong to that which had helped it to found its empire, the reincarnation of this last will be that which will put an end to the Han dynasty, buckling the cycle karmic. The Sanguo Pinghua is however openly hostile with CAD CAD.

Between 1330 and 1400, Luo Guanzhong writes the popular version of the Histoire of the Three Kingdoms which completes to fix CAD CAD like the minister félon in the popular culture. Having been written to the beginning of the Ming dynasty, the novel also aimed at founding a legitimacy with the emperor and the reigning dynasty. This phenomenon can be noticed in other novels of this time as in At the edge of water , the history of 108 outlaws who gather and revolt against the emperor, that Shi Nai' year brutally prefers to cut in full medium to the meeting of the gangsters, before those do not revolt. Liu EIB, going down from the imperial clan of Han was more favourable to make a hero than CAD CAD, with the dubious genealogy and having transformed the emperor into puppet and whose son reverses the reigning dynasty. However, CAD CAD has in this novel an extremely complex personality, able in turn of greatest generosity and greater cruelty, sharper strokes of genius and greater blindness, the most heroic actions and cheapper cowardice.

In the Chinese opera, CAD CAD is often associated with the white color, symbol of duplicity and mourning. The character of CAD CAD also inspired a Chinese proverb, always used nowadays: “Known as “CAD CAD” and CAD CAD arrives! ” (zh-Hant 說曹操, 曹操就到, Shuō Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo dào , sometimes used in the form zh-Hant 說曹操, 曹操就到, Shuō Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo jiù dào to insist on the speed of its arrival), the Chinese equivalent of “Talk of the Devil. ”

Family

Its sons

Belonging to the powerful family CAD, CAD CAD had many descendants. Among most important let us note its six sons:

CAD Ang (曹昂)
CAD pi (曹丕)
CAD Zhang (曹彰)
CAD Zhi (曹植)
CAD Xiong (曹熊)
CAD Chong (曹冲)

Other family members

Other members of the clan CAD also left their trace in the history:

CAD Anmin (曹安民)
CAD Ren (曹仁)
CAD Chun (曹純)
CAD Hong (曹洪)
CAD Xiu (曹休)
CAD Zhen (曹真)

References

Random links:

Land off Plenty | Nguyễn Phúc Lan | Philippe Peythieu | Ben Shepherd | Victor Mosqueira