Cártel

The Russian alphabet is an alternative of the Cyrillic alphabet which has others of them. This one was introduced into Russia kiévienne at the time of its conversion to Christianity towards 988, figure traditional which is perhaps slightly posterior so that let think certain facts of archeology.

It is question in this article only of the use of the Cyrillic alphabet for the Russian language .

The alphabet

The Russian alphabet is as follows:

The name of the letters

To the surroundings of 1900, one indicated the letters using names Mnémoniques inherited the Slavon. We give here the letters of the alphabet civilian post-1708 in their pre-1918 orthographical form.

the majority of the old names of letters being Russian words, some claimed that the reading of these names in the traditional order corresponded to a praise of the writing or moral instruction:

Not vocalized letters

The hard sign ъ indicates that the preceding consonant is not palatisée. Its pronunciation of origin, disappeared at the latest about 1400, was that of a very short Schwa, an E dumb, transliterated in the form of ŭ in a scientific and transcribed texts, in the ordinary French texts, using an E dumb.

The soft sign ь indicates that the preceding consonant is palatisée. Its pronunciation of origin, disappeared at the latest about 1400, that of a very short schwa palatized, was transliterated in the form of a ĭ in the texts scientific and transcribed, in the ordinary French texts, using a apostrophizes (example, = /n ʲ/).

Vowels

The vowels е , ё , и , ю , я palatalize the preceding consonant, all - except for the и - are yodisées (using one which precede them) in initial position. The и was yodisé until XIXe century.

The ы is an old intermediate vowel tightened of the common Slavon, although it was preserved better in modern Russian than in the other Slavic languages. In the beginning, it was nasalisée at certain places:

  • Former Russian: камы modern /kam ɨ̃/
  • Russian: камень /kamjen ʲ/(“rock”).
Its written form developed in the following way: ъ  +  і  >  ъı  >  ы .

The э was introduced in 1708 to distinguish from. The use of origin was е for /e/ not iotacized, ıє or ѣ for /e/ iotacized, but the ıє became obsolete in XVIe century.

The ё , introduced by the historian Nikolaï Karamzine in 1784, mark a /jo/ which appeared starting from /je/ under the accent, a phenomenon which perdure today. The letter ё is optional: that remains correct to write E at the same time for /je/ and /jo/. None the many attempts at application of the use of the ё succeeded, and nowadays data processing decreased it even more. Currently, the Russian authorities try to restore the generalized use of this letter which is present in more than 12,5 thousand words and 2,5 thousand family names. For more information concerning the debate on the ё , to see these Russian articles: ,

Letters eliminated in 1918

The і , identical in pronunciation to the и , was used only in front of one vowel (for example Нью-Іоркъ /n ʲju jork/“New York” and in the word міръ /mir/ “world” and its compounds, to distinguish it from the word (of the same etymological origin) миръ /mir/ “peace”.

The ѳ , drawn from the Greek Theta , was identical to the ф in pronunciation, as in Byzantine Greek, but was used étymologiquement. The ѣ or Yat had in the beginning a clean sound, but about the middle of the 18th century decided like the е . Since its elimination in 1918, it became the symbol of the old orthography.

The V drawn from the Greek Upsilon decided like the и , as in Byzantine Greek, and was used étymologiquement, although about 1918 it had almost disappeared.

Letters disappeared about 1750

Ѯ and ѱ is respectively the Greek letters Chi and Psi, used étymologiquement but in a nonrelevant way in literature until the 18th century, and today in the religious texts.

The Ѡ is the Greek letter Oméga, of pronunciation identical to the о , used in the secular literature until the 18th century, but still today in the religious texts, mainly to distinguish from the forms which would differently have been written in an identical way.

The S corresponded to a primitive pronunciation of/ʣ/, already absent from Slavon of the east at the beginning of the Christian era, but preserved by tradition in certain words until the 18th century in secular literature, and until today in the religious texts.

The Yus had already become, according to the linguistic rebuilding, useless for the phonology of Slavic of the east at the beginning of the Christian era, but were introduced with the remainder of the Cyrillic alphabet. Ѭ and ѩ disappeared about the 12th century. The Ѭ continued to be used until the 16th century. Its use was then restricted with a Sunday Lettre in the tables of Easter. The use of the 17th century of the ѫ and the ѧ survives in the religious texts.

The Ѧ was adapted to represent /ja/ я in the medium or the end of a word; the modern letter я is an adaptation of its cursive form of the 17th century.

Until 1708, /ja/ was noted ıa at the beginning of a mot. This distinction between ѧ and ıa survives in the religious texts.

Although it is generally allowed that the letters described as “fallen in disuse at the 18th century” were eliminated at the time of the reform of 1708, reality is more complex. These letters in fact were omitted of the standard alphabet presented by the edict of Pierre Large the, as well as the modern letter и , but were restored under the pressure of the Russian orthodoxe Église. They ended nevertheless up disappearing completely about 1750 from the secular language.

Numerical values

The numeral values correspond to those of the Greek , the S being used for the Digamma, the Ч for the koppa, and the Ц like the Sampi. This system was abandoned in 1708, after one transitional period of approximately a century.

See too

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