Cábala de espina dorsal

This page relates to the year 1930 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Europe

  • 3 - January 20th: Second conference of $the Hague on repairs. Definitive adoption of the Plane Young.

  • January 5th: Acceleration of the collectivization of the campaigns in Soviet Union. The die Kulak isation and the forced collectivization of the grounds cause turbid violent ones in the campaigns.
  • April 7th: Creation of the Gulag S in Siberia. 10 million people is imprisoned there during the years 1930.
  • June 17th: French memorandum (Aristide Briand) on the European Federation.
  • July 21st: Maxime Litvinov is named police chief of the people to the foreign affairs in Soviet Union. He will be the craftsman of the bringing together with the western powers.
  • October: Coup attempts of fascistic state in Finland (end in February 1932). Prohibition of the Communist party.

  • SDAP (socialist party) gives up collectivization with the Netherlands.

  • the Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to the archbishop Swedish Lutheran Nathan Söderblom.
  • estival Warming as from 1930.

Germany

  • March 27th: Resignation of the social democrat government Hermann Müller. The parliamentary mode enters during one time of turbulences.

  • March 11th: The Reichstag adopts the Plan Young.
  • March 30th: Government Heinrich Brüning (end in October 1931, then October 1931 - May 1932), without stable majotity.
  • March 31st: More than three million unemployed in Germany.
  • June 30th: The the Rhineland is completely released by the Allies.
  • August 5th: The architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe takes the head of the school of the Bauhaus.
  • September 11th: Legislative elections; strong participation (82%). Collapse of the parties of Weimar. Pushed communist (14,3%). The Nazi party (NSDAP) directed by Adolf Hitler, obtains 18,3% of the voices (6  410  000 votes) and gain 107 seats with the Reichstag (German Parliament).
    • lasts It economic crisis which prevails, allows the Nazis (Left National Socialist) who since 1920 combine shows of force and demagogy, to offer by the idea of the establishment of a strong State, a way of hope, with finance, the industrialists and the small people (much in the unemployed).
  • November: Hitler entrusts to the S the internal police force of the party national-Socialist.

  • the German steamer Europa gains the blue Ruban which rewards the best mean velocity carried out in the North Atlantic.

Belgium

  • Inauguration the May 3rd of the International exhibition of Liege at the time of the centenary of independence. It was devoted to sciences, industry and Old Walloon Art

France

See also: 1930 in France

Spain

  • January 30th: Resignation of Primo de Rivera in front of the opposition to the mode, the resignation of Calvo Sotelo and the desertion from the soldiers (he had wanted to modernize the army). He dies in exile a few weeks later. The king entrusts the ministerial responsibilities to the general Dámaso Berenguer who restores the constitution.
  • In August, the republicans sign the pact of Saint-Sebastien to establish the republic (moderate Miguel Maura and Niceto Alcalá Zamora; radicals of Alejandro Lerroux and Diego Martínez Barrio; Socialists of Largo Caballero, Indalecio Prieto and Fernando of los Rios; Catalan separatists of Nicolau d' Olwer; politicians of the new generation such Manual Azaña, Marcellino Domingo and Casres Quiroga). A rising is fixed for the December 15th.
  • the December 12th, the garrison of Jaca tries in vain a republican Pronunciamiento .

  • In Spain 26,5% of the active population works in the secondary industry (more 10% in 20 years), 28% in the tertiary sector.

Portugal

  • the Minister for Finance Salazar resigns in January, follow-up of the Minister for justice, following the movements caused by measures which it had taken (suspension of the subsidy poured annually with the Angola). It then receives the ministry for the colonies which it cumulates with finances.

  • the National union becomes sole party.

  • the Portugal account 6  825  000 inhabitants. Lisbon account 600  000 inhabitants.
  • Following the world economic crisis, the Brazil having closed its doors, the emigration is reduced to 10  000 departures per annum on average (30  000 at the beginning of the century).

Italy

  • March 20th: Delle institution of the Consiglio Nazionale Corporazioni and of seven corporations (industry, agriculture, trade, bank, professions and art, maritime transport, surface transports).
  • July 11th: The movement antifascist Justice and Liberté lance of the leaflets against the dictatorship of Mussolini.
  • 19 - July 20th: Congress of the Italian Socialist party with Paris. The two wings born of the scission of October 1922 amalgamate.
  • July 23rd: A Earthquake of magnitude 6,5 fact 2  142 victims in the area of the Irpinia (provinces of Avellino and Potenza) in Italy.

  • Resistance movement with the mode of National alliance, gathering social democrats faithful to monarchy around Benedetto Croce. Decrees quickly, they one not time to act.

  • the crisis of the years 1930 touches Italy by a vertiginous fall of exports, which involves a fall of the wholesale prices and a collapse of the production. The fascistic State continuous to follow a policy of deflation which by compressing the interior market worsens the effects of the crisis. Three type of measurements are taken: prohibitory customs duties, rigorous exchange control and agreements of Clearing with the Bulgaria, the Romania and the Germany to maintain a flow commercial minimal without exit of currencies.
  • Deceleration of the emigration: after 1930, the emigrants are only 60  000 per annum instead of 120  000. Strong internal migrations (18 million people changes residence between 1923 and 1939). The government defends with the workers to give up their residence without authorization of the prefect, in vain.
  • the students of the colleges, on average from 9 per 1000 inhabitants since 1913, pass from 9,2 in 1931 to 20,2 in 1940, whereas the number of the teachers doubles 32  708 with 76  486. The bachelors pass 47  614 with 127  058. The women occupy an increasingly large place at the school.

Romania

  • Mars: Creation in Romania of the Guard of iron, military organization of the Legion of the Michel Archangel, directed by Corneliu Codreanu, to fight against Communism.
  • June 8th: Returned of exile with the complicity of the country Party, carried by a wave of popularity, Carol II is proclaimed king of Romania by the Parliament while his/her Michel son becomes “tall voïévode”.). He calls with the capacity his former tutor the historian Nicola Jorga, then gets busy to divide the political parties.

  • the Rumanian Foreign Minister Nicolae Titulescu (1882-1941) chairs SDN by twice in 1930 and 1931.

  • Recensement in Romania: on 18 million inhabitants, Roumanian 71,9%, 7,9% of Magyars, German 4,1%, 4% of Jews, 3,2% of Ukrainians, Russian 2,3%, 2% the Bulgarian ones, 1,5% Gypsies, Turk 1% and Tatars, Pole 0,3%, 0,3% of Serbo-Croatians. 73% the orthodoxe ones.
  • 6  700 great landowners hold 24% more of the ground vis-a-vis 2,5 million poor peasants who have 28% of them, situation due to the population increase (+1,2% per annum). From where a development of agricultural labor paid. The output means remain weak (8 to 9 Q with the ha for corn compared with 16 in France, 10 to 11 Q for corn against 15 to 16).

Africa

  • Foundation of the Negro Institute of Paris.

  • the British Minister for the Colonies, Sidney Webb, addresses to the governors colonies a circular requiring of them to authorize the creation of African trade unions.
  • Rise of the worship Bamucapi in central and south-Eastern Africa (1930 - 1935).
  • Development with the Mali of the sect Moslem woman of the Wahabi, called “arms crosseds”.
  • Creation of the Church of God (Aladura) to the Nigeria. The prophet Mayange sermon with the Cabinda.
  • 1205 schools free-Arabic in Algeria. 5,4% of the Moslems are provided education for. In parallel, there exists an private education in Arab language, that of the 6000 Koranic schools and Zaouïa S, which teaches the Coran with 100  000 Moslems with the benevolence of the administration. The administration on the other hand considers with mistrust the 150 Medersa S which teach a true Arabic instruction with 45  000 children.

Economic situation

  • Because of the economic crisis, the Great Britain makes suspend the construction of the Railroad Tanganyika - Rhodesia of North.
  • Dryness in Angola (1930 - 1933).
  • Vis-a-vis the international economic crisis, France launches in AEF a policy of investment and great work.
  • mining Crisis: the production of Congolese copper passes from 132  000 tons in 1930 with 50  000 tons in 1932. More 100  000 minors are laid off with the Belgian Congo, which causes massive returns in the rural areas. The mining Union of High Katanga reduces its costs of labor of more than 20% between 1930 and 1932.
  • the price of the rubber to London is to 13% of that of 1913.
  • the economic crisis strikes the economy of the French Sudan. The productions of groundnuts, of cereal and palm oil are sold only at low prices whereas the cost of living does not cease going up and that the metropolis, touched hard, cannot help its colonies financially. The customs incomes crumble. The stop of the European imports allows however the craft industry and small local industries to develop temporarily.
  • the African producers, incited by premiums or the fixing of minimal prices of purchase, increase their production to compensate for the fall of the courses (groundnut exports except British territories pass from 4  811  000£ in 1929 with 5  334  000£ in 1935). To the Dahomey and the Senegal, the peasants return to the food crops (manioc, millet, honey…). The cultures of plantation the least touched by the crisis develop: bananas in Guinea; coffee in Ivory Coast, Oubangui-Chari, with the Ruanda and Madagascar; cocoa with the Gabon; the manioc with the Belgian Congo; clove or vanilla with Madagascar.

The Middle East & Arab world

  • January 1st, Egypt: The legislative elections give a new majority to the Wafd, directed by Nahhas Pasha, which forms the government. After the failure of the negotiations for independence, the British let the king return the government wafdist. The capacity is entrusted to Imaïl Sidqi, former wafdist rejoined with the sovereign. It promulgates a new constitution which reinforces the capacities of the king and the government. It must face the world economic crisis, and enacts economic reforms and social and encourages the development of industry.

  • March 28th: In Turkey, the town of Constantinople takes the name of Istanbul and the town of Angora takes the name of Ankara.

  • Mars: Relationship of the Commission Shaw charged to study the causes of the Jewish confrontations between and Arab in Palestine (03). He insists on the fundamental causes: the Jewish emigration with exceeded the capacities for absorption of the country, the people expelled of the grounds bought by the Zionists do not find any more grounds of replacement because of the demographic pressure and constitute a category of people without grounds, claiming and carrying future violences. The report/ratio proposes an intensification of the cultures, but this one is already everywhere with work. The commission insists on the absence of political rights of the Arabs, who refused to train a legislative council in 1922. She recommends to reconsider the British policy by limiting immigration, by adopting a new land policy and by supporting a new constitutional project associating Arabic.
  • May:
    • In Syria, the High-Commissioner Henri Ponsot decides to promulgate the constitutional texts of all the Syrian States, taking again the Constitution of 1928. These provisions will be applied after the next elections.
    • In Palestine, the Arab executive sends a delegation to London which claims a constitutional evolution having to lead to the independence and the election of an assembly by the whole of the Jewish and Arab population of Palestine. The British refuse and propose the election of an only Arab council whose functions would be only advisory.
  • June 30th: Fine of the British mandate on the Iraq , prelude to the independence, promised for 1932. The country remains related to the Great Britain by a 25 years alliance: co-operation as regards foreign politics, maintains of two British air bases, provision of the Iraqi territory in the event of war, British framing of the national army.
  • October: The conclusions of the Commission Shaw are included in the White paper of 1930. The Zionists must make concessions on the question of immigration and the acquisition of grounds. In return Arabic must accept the Jewish presence in Palestine and cooperate with this one.
  • November 16th, Iraq: The treaty with the the United Kingdom is ratified by the Parliament, resulting from the elections of the autumn. An opposition to the treaty, considered to be too favorable to the British interests, is constituted within the party of Arab fraternity, directed by Yasin Al-Hashimi, former senior officer of the Othoman army during the war.
  • the November 30th, the commission of the Mandates of SDN sends recommendations in order to prepare the independence of the Iraq: respect of the rights of the minorities (Kurdish, Assyrian), right of use more important of the new State on the oil resources. Iraq pledges all required as regards respect of the minorities, which starts again agitation. The Kurdish movement is repressed with the British assistance while the Assyrians claim an autonomous State within Iraq.

  • the number of schools of boy in Iraq passed from 238 in 1921 to 1863 in 1930.

  • Two million inhabitants to the Cairo. 14,8 million inhabitants in Egypt.

Arabia

  • Economic crisis striking fishing with the pearl in the years 1930.
  • Since the end of British subsidies, the only resources available to Abdelaziz Ibn Sa' ud comes from the pilgrimage in the Holy Cities. Oil research just starts to develop in the peninsula (Bahrain). By grants concessions, Ibn Its' ud seeks to get money re-entries. Contracts will be signed in the years 1930 with American companies but the oil exploitation will begin only in 1939.

Asia & India

  • urban Rising and revolt in the campaigns in Indo-China against the recruiting agents.
    • February 10th: The garrison of Yen Bai is raised, then takes place the great walk of the peasants in the Nghe An, ha Tinh and the Quang Ngai (Annam) (May 1930 - September 1931).
    • February: Ho Chi Minh founds the Indochinese Communist party. It will be dislocated by the repression of the agrarian riots.
  • In Burma, Saya San carries out a rebellion against the British administration .
  • Creation of the Soviet of Bao' year in China (fine in 1935).

India

  • January 26th: Motion of the Left the Congress, India, asking independence. Since, this date is national festival in India.
  • March 2nd: Gandhi inaugurates a great movement of civil disobedience and boycott of the British products. He claims the suppression of the tax on the salt and the end of the governmental monopoly on his sale.
  • March 12th: Beginning of the Walk of salt, organized by Mahatma Gandhi, action of civil disobedience of exemplary mass, directed against the British capacity in India, which proves to be a decisive stage on the way of the independence of the sub-continent.
  • April 6th: End of the Walk of salt towards the Gujerat, organized by Mahatma Gandhi, in India. It with an immense repercussion. The movement of civil disobedience paralyzes the administration by the massive resignations Indian civils servant.
  • May 5th: The arrest of Gandhi by the authorities causes a wave of riots in the country.
  • November 12th: Conference of the Roundtable with London on the statute of the British Indies. The first Conference, which joins together the moderate ones like the Aga Khan or Jinnah, is boycotted by the Congress.

  • the Moslems keep away from the movement from civil disobedience. First intercommunity riots between Hindus and Moslems.

  • the Moslem nationalist leader Muhammad Iqbâl formula the idea of the creation of a separate Moslem State.

Oceania & peaceful

Americas

North America

Canada
  • May 24th: With Montreal, inauguration of the bridge of Le Havre renamed Jacques-Cartier bridge in 1934.
  • July 28th: Preserving majority with the federal elections.
  • August 7th: Richard Bedford Bennett (preserving) becomes Prime Minister.
  • September 22nd: Law on the Canadian unemployment insurance.
  • December 11th: Sanction of the Law of assistance to the unemployed.

the United States

  • Stops of the American investments in the world in the first months of the year. The thrown into a panic banks require the refunding of the loans granted abroad.

  • June 17th: Adoption of the protectionist tariff Hawley-Smoot. It opens the way with a chain reaction of economic reprisals which reduces the foreign trade of the the United States from 10 to 3 billion dollars 1929 with 1932, without calling into question the surplus of the trade balance.
  • Renouncement of the Corollary Roosevelt.

  • More than 1300 banks in bankruptcy.

  • Six million unemployed.
  • Fall of the birthrate.
  • 35,3 of the overseas investments in the world comes from the United States (6,3% in 1914).
  • 6,9 million inhabitants with New York, 3,4 with Chicago, 1,25 with Los Angeles.
  • 10 million women exerts an employment.

Latin America

  • August 7th: The liberal party reaches the capacity in Colombia after 50 years of opposition after its victory over the divided conservatives. Enrique Olaya Herrera is elected president de Colombie (fine in 1934).
  • August 16th: The commander of the national guard of the Dominican Republic Rafael Leonidas Trujillo shift the president Horacio Vásquez and settles with the capacity for 30 years (1930 - 1938, 1942 - 1952).
  • September 6th: In Argentinian, the chief of the radical Union Hipolito Yrigoyen is reversed by military coup d'etat directed by the general Felix Uriburu.
  • October 24th: With the Brazil, Getúlio Vargas seizes the power thanks to a coup d'etat, and forms a provisional government which suspends the Constitution.
    • Julio Swift, chooses as successor by Washington Luis, gains the presidential ones against Getúlio Vargas indicated by the dissatisfied ones with the mode (its program proposed the amnesty for the revolutionists of 1922 and 1926, of new electoral laws, a social legislation, the reorganization of justice and education and an accelerated economic development). The congress then refuses with the deputies of the opposition the right to sit, and the July 25th, João Pessoa, second of Getulio Vargas, is assassinated. The partisans of Vargas take the weapons: Recife, El Salvador and São Paulo is taken, the States of Rio de Janeiro and of Espirito Santo are invaded. The “lieutenants” support the rebels. The generals, considering the situation lost for the president seize the power the October 24th and create a junta of three officers to take over temporarily the duties. Vargas, receipt triumphantly with São Paulo reaches Rio the October 31st.
  • November 3rd: Beginning of the presidency of Getúlio Vargas with the Brazil. He undertakes as of his come to power to be opposed to the growing influence of the Communists on the Brazilian trade unions by creating a Ministry of Labor and a minister of education and while making approve a legislation subjecting the recognition of the trade unions to strict conditions relating to their ideology. Between 1930 and 1935, it stresses especially repression.

  • Mexico: The Partido Laboristo Mexicano (PLN) and the Partido Nacional Agrarista (PNA), two popular parties, refuse to be integrated into PNR Plutarco Elías Calles and form a revolutionary National alliance (ANR).

  • Foundation of the General confederation of work (CGT) in Argentinian, dominated by the Communists.
  • the Brazilian textile industry, which employed 140  000 workmen before the crisis, must lay off 30  of it; 000 and 60  000 others are in short-time working.

Demographic data

Arts & culture

See also: 1930 with the cinema, 1930 in music, 1930 in literature, 1930 with the theater, 1930 as a cartoon, 1930 on television

Sciences & technology

Sports

Nobel Prize

Births in 1930

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1930

Beats-smg: 1930 Be-X-old: 1930 Map-bms: 1930 Simple: 1930 Zh-yue: 1930 年

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