Bourbonnais (duchy)

See also: Bourbon

See also: Bourbonnais

The Bourbonnais is a historical province of the center of France, which corresponds to current the Département Allier, like to part of the Département of Expensive the (towards Saint-Amand-Montrond).

Denominations

Bourbonnais is called, in Occitan, Borbonés or Barbonés .

History

Its first known lord was Adhémar (or Aymar), at the 10th century. He acquired the castle of Bourbon (today Bourbon Archambault) which gave its name to the family, or Maison of Bourbon.

The first house of the Bourbon ended in 1200 with the death of Archambault VIII. It left only one heiress, Mahaut de Bourbon whose husband, Guy II of Dampierre, added Montlucon to the possessions of the lords of Bourbon, extended towards banks of the Cher during 11th and 12th centuries.

The second house of the Bourbon began in 1218 with Archambault IX, wire of Guy II of Dampierre and Mahaut de Bourbon, then with Archambault X, their grandson. This last died in Cyprus in 1249 during a Croisade. Bourbonnais passed then to the house of Burgundy.

In 1272, Béatrix of Burgundy (1258 - 1310), lady of Bourbon, married Robert de France (1256 - 1318), count de Clermont, wire of the king Louis IX (Saint-Louis). It was the beginning of the large house of the Bourbon which gave the kings of France starting from Henri IV.

The Bourbon had concluded an alliance with the royal capacity. They had put their forces at the service of the king, thus benefitting from the geographical position of Bourbonnais located between the royal field and the duchies of Aquitaine and Auvergne. This alliance, as well as the marriage of Béatrix of Burgundy and Robert de France, facilitated the rise and the prosperity of Bourbonnais. In 1327, it was set up besides in duchy-peerage by king Charles the Beautiful one.

In 1790 Bourbonnais gave rise to the Département Allier less Saint-Amand-Montrond attached to the Cher and more some enclaves auvergnates (Gannat).

Eight dukes followed one another the head of the duchy of 1327 to 1527

  • Louis I {{er}} (1280-1342), known as " the boiteux" : Wire of Robert de Clermont, he was the first duke of Bourbonnais. He also carried the titles of count de Clermont and Walk. He married in 1310 Marie de Hainaut (? - 1354).

  • Pierre {{Ier}} (1311-1356): Oldest son and successor of Louis Ier, he married in 1337 Isabelle de Valois (1313-1383).

  • Louis II (1337-1410), known as " the good duke bâtisseur" : Wire of Pierre Ier, it returned from England where it was captive in 1366. After having reconquered its duchy on the English, it made rebuild by increasing it the castle of Moulins. Then it extended its possessions while gathering around Bourbonnais, the Auvergne, the Berry, the Marche, the châtellenie of Thiers, Castle-Chinon, the Combraille, the Beaujolais and the Forez, in particular thanks to its marriage in 1371 with Anne of Auvergne (1358-1417), countess of Drill. It accepted that the duchy returns to the crown in the absence of a male heir. It is him which made Mills, in 1379, the capital of the duchy.

  • Jean I {{er}} (1381-1434): Wire of Louis II, married in 1400 in Marie de Berry (1367-1434), duchess of Auvergne and countess of Montpensier, it was made prisoner with Azincourt and died in London in 1434. It was buried in Souvigny.

  • Charles I {{er}} (1401-1456): Wire of Jean Ier, he married in 1423 Agnes of Burgundy (1407-1476), girl of Jean Without Peur.

  • Jean II (1426-1488): Wire of Charles Ier, he married in 1447 Jeanne de France (1430-1482), girl of the king Charles VII. With its death in 1488, and after the abdication of his/her brother Charles II (1434-1488), cardinal and archbishop of Lyon, it is his/her brother Pierre de Beaujeu who succeeded to him.

  • Pierre II (1438-1503): Lord of Beaujeu, he became duke of Bourbon and duke of Auvergne in 1488. He married in 1473 Anne of France, girl of the king Louis XI, viscountess de Thouars, more known under the name of Anne de Beaujeu. They had two children: Charles (1476-1498) and Suzanne (1491-1521). With died of Louis XI in 1483, they were regents of France and directed the kingdom during the minority of the king Charles VIII, brother of Anne. With died of Pierre II in 1503 and in the absence of a male heir (his Charles son had died in 1498), the duchy should have returned to the crown like had accepted it the duke Louis II. But Anne of France had obtained an exemption of the king. His/her daughter Suzanne de Beaujeu, duchess of Bourbon and Auvergne (1503), countess of Clermont, Walk, of Drill and of Gien could marry in Moulins, in 1505, his/her Charles cousin of Bourbon-Montpensier which will become the duke Charles III of Bourbon.

  • Charles III (1490-1527) known as " the constable of Bourbon" : It was the eighth and last duke of Bourbon before the fastening of Bourbonnais to the crown in 1527. Count de Montpensier in 1501, he became duke of Bourbon and duke of Auvergne in 1505 by his marriage with Suzanne de Beaujeu.

Blazons and Armorial bearings

The first lords of Bourbon to carry armorial bearings were those of the family of Dampierre which blasonnaient: '' of gold to the lion of mouths accompanied by eight shells of azure ''.

The current armorial bearings of Bourbonnais are those of Robert de France, count de Clermont and the last wire of Saint-Louis, which broke the lilies of France by adding a band of mouths. He married the heiress of the ground of Bourbon, and its wire became duke of Bourbon and preserved the paternal blazon which became thus that of the duchy of Bourbon.

At the end of the 14th century, the king of France Charles V simplified his weapons and replaced sown flowers of lily by only three flowers of lily. Several princes of blood, whose Jean I {{er}} imitated it, thus giving the modern armorial bearings.

Languages

There are two languages autochtones in Bourbonnais:

  • the Occitan or Language of oc , in its variety auvergnate, speaks itself in the southern half, towards Montlucon and Vichy. They are the speeches occitans of the Growing , occupying the south of Bourbonnais and the North of the Limousin: they know features of transition into French but their character occitan remains dominating. In south-east, in the Bourbonnaise Mountain, the occitan receives influences of the Francoprovençal.

  • the French or Language of oil , in a dialectal form, speaks itself in the northern half, towards Moulins.

The term of bourbonnais is ambiguous: it can indicate as well the speeches occitans as the French speeches of Bourbonnais.

Sources

  • Investigation of IFOP on behalf of the section auvergnate of the Institute of studies occitanes, 2006.
  • Marcel Bonin, general Dictionnaire of the patois bourbonnais , Moulins, impr. Pottier, 1984
  • Jean-Pierre Chambon & Philippe Olivier, “linguistic history of Auvergne and Velay: notes for a provisional synthesis”, Work of linguistics and philology , n° 38,2000, pp. 83-153
  • Wolfgang Dahmen, (1985) Study of the dialectal situation in the Center of France: a talk based on the “Linguistic atlas and ethnographic of the Center” , Paris, CNRS, 1985
  • Simone Escoffier, (1958) the meeting of the language of oil, the language of oc and the Franco-Provençal between the Loire and Allier: phonetic and morphological limits , Paris, Beautiful Letters, 1958, coll Publications of the Institute of Romance Linguistics of Lyon, vol. 11
  • Simone Escoffier, (1958) Remarks on the lexicon of a marginal zone to the borders of the language of oil, language of oc and francoprovençal , Paris, Beautiful Letters, coll Publications of the Institute of Romance Linguistics of Lyon, vol. 12
  • Jules Ronjat, istoric Grammar of the modern provençaux speeches , 1930-1941, 4 vol. Rééd. Marseilles, Laffitte Reprints, 1980,2 vol.

Internal bonds

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