Boss taurus

Boss taurus (Linnaeus, 1758), or Boss primigenius taurus , or Boss primigenius F. taurus , is the scientific name given to the whole of the domestic bovines of the Old world resulting from the various subspecies of Bos primigenius , the wild aurochs.

Names naming the representatives of the species

The species does not have a general vernacular name but various terms are used to distinguish its representatives according to their sex, their age or their origin.

Description

The cry of the species is meuglement or lowing.

Anatomy

Its digestive system, which is characterized by the presence of three pre Estomac S and of the stomach itself making it possible by the rumination to digest the Cellulose. The three pre-stomachs are the Panse or rumen, the reticulum or network, the layer and finally the stomach is called the petrel. The paunch is the greatest part and accounts for approximately 80% of total volume.

Teeth comprise 32 teeth, as at the man. It is characterized by the absence of incisors on the upper maxilla; they are replaced by a gingival pad.

The bovines are daltoniens. Gestation lasts approximately nine months. The average temperature (anal) is of 39 °C.

How to know the age of it

  • By the examination of the horn S
The growth of the horns creates at their base of the pads due to the fact that this growth is seasonal. The first appears at the three years age, then it is formed one of them each year, with a progressive attenuation. A cow which presents N pads thus has n+2 years, provided its owner did not seek to somewhat renovate it by filing the horns to him and… that it is not race Angus which in consequence of a natural change does not have horns.

  • By the examination of the incisors

The cow has on the lower maxilla eight incisors: those (two) of the center are the grips (also called shovels), following (on both sides of the preceding ones) the first joint ones, then come the second joint ones and the corners. The baby teeth progressivenment are progressivenment replaced by adult teeth then those wear.
  • at one year and half, the grips of milk are replaced by the final teeth;
  • with two years and half, it is the turn of the first joint ones;
  • with three years and half, it is that of the second joint ones;
  • at five years finally in fact the corners are replaced.
Then the wear of the teeth appears:
  • at six years on the grips;
  • at seven years on the first joint ones;
  • at eight years on the second joint ones;
  • around nine years on the corners.
Then, gradually the teeth are not jointed any more. After twelve years the wear of the incisors does not let any more appear but the roots.

Behavior

August 1st The species is relatively gregarious.

The species and the man

Breeding

See also: breeding

, Very in the past Domesticated E, has a great economic importance for the production of milk, Viande (ox, cow, calf, bull calf), of Cuir and other by-products, and sometimes for its Draft animal work like (ox, cow) like for the Tauromachie. The man developed varieties (called Race S) specialized. The lines are thus known as dairy, either with meat or “nursing”, or mixed (for the meat and milk).

Except for certain species used in the bullfighting, the males are intended for butchery, the females are generally intended to ensure the renewal of the herd or the production of Cow's milk.

The milch cows in end of a career are normally put at the fattening and are sent to the slaughter-house (cull cows). They provide in France the essence of what is marketed under the denomination “beef”. France counts today more than 20 million cows.

The males are cut down at three different stages: calves (“of milk”, “under the mother” or “with manure”), old bull calves from 20 to 24 months beforehand last with the fattening, Bœuf S for the castrated males. The females are generally intended to ensure the renewal of the herd and with the production of milk. The females produce milk only if they vélée and that they were milk regularly.

It should be noted that the species is regarded as crowned in the Hindouisme.

Production

Which: Handelsblatt - Die Welt in Zahlen (2005)

See also: bovine Breeding in Portugal, bovine Breeding in Switzerland

Outlines

According to the estimates of FAO, the worldwide production of meat would have more than to double, passing from 229 million tons into 1999/2001 to 465 million tons in 2050, while that of milk should climb from 580 to 1.043 million tons.

The animal with meat

In France, which is sold under the name of “Viande of ox” can be as well of the Vache or the Taureau as ox. It is generally of the cow beef of reform (milch cows which finished their career of milk producers), or of Taurillon S of intensive breeding. The ox, whose meat is regarded as the best, represents in France only approximately 10% of the heads of bovines shot down in butchery.

Among required beef one will retain inter alia:

  • the ox the Limousin
  • the ox charolais
  • the angus beef
  • the Belgian White-blue
  • the ox bazadais
Certain races were selected for a required genetic anomaly. These animals, male and female are called Bottom-of-foal or Culard S . They are characterized by a muscular Hypertrophie from the rear-axle unit, an extremely thin meat and, sometimes, a weakness of the forelimbs. The vêlage of a calf culard almost always requires a Césarienne.

See also : Category: Cut out ox

Production of milk

The Vache S are milked to extract from the Lait. This milk is transformed into dairy products or is consumed such as it is. A industry developed around the harvest of milk, its transformation and its distribution.

Other uses

Before mechanization, the bovines were used like Draft animal. Moreover, the oldest system would be the Joug with horns, where in the ancient Egypt, a bar out of wooden was placed between the horns of a bovidé.

Ecological consequence of the breeding

See also: Ruminantia#Ruminants and environment

At the time of their rumination, the bovines release from methane, gas has Greenhouse effect. The quantity of bovine high is not neutral on the Climate warming. The damage caused by the dejections on the water resources, the destruction of natural zones to establish pastures, it not adequacy of certain zones with the presence of bovine (reasons climatic, zoological, or brittleness of the grounds), the competition of production with agricultural zones what leads to an overexploitation of these last, makes management of the quantity of bovine one of the important problems for the management of the environment.

Religion and symbolism

See also: crowned Cow

The species is often evoked in the religions. Several cultures celebrated worships with the bulls like the Minoan Civilization. Certain religions made of it a sacrificial animal like the Culte of the haoma and other an animal crowned as in the Hindouisme. Many a Greek myths refers there like the myth of Io, transformed by Zeus into a white heifer. This one transforms itself into white bull when he wants to allure Europe. In the abrahamic religions, the “Polythéisme” is symbolized by the worship of the bovines through the account of the worship of the Golden calf. These religions refer to the bovines all the same, for example in the Coran, the sourate 2 is known as the Cow (Al-Baqarah), and in the Torah appear the dream of Joseph and the rite of the russet-red Vache .

The Bullfighting, according to its partisans is carrying a strong symbol.

Hieraldique

Here some Blazon S with vâches or bulls: .

More precisely, much of authors identify three subspecies: the aurochs Europeans ( Boss primigenius primigenius ), the ancestor of the domestic cattle without bump ( Boss primigenius F. taurus ), the aurochs Asian or Indian ( Bos primigenius namadicus ) which probably gave the domestic cattle to bump, or Zébu ( Bos primigenius F. taurus = Boss primigenius F. indicus ) and the North-African Aurochs ( Bos primigenius africanus = Bos primigenius opisthonomous ), whose genes could be included in the African domestic cattle (for example Cluttonbrock 1999)”.

According to this approach, the European domestic bovines go down from the aurochs Europeans, the Asian domestic bovines with bump (Zébu) go down from the aurochs Asian, and the African domestic bovines go down from a mixture including of the aurochs North-Africans. The Boss taurus European and Asian (zebu), in particular, would be related only in a way moved away enough, since they would have been domesticated independently, starting from already identified wild subspecies. Although one formerly spoke about Bos indicus to indicate the Zébu S, one now regard them as belonging to the same species as the European bovines, since going down from the same wild species (but not of the same subspecies).

Systematic

One gave to the domestic bovines the scientific name of Bos taurus at the 18th century, before the development of the evolutionary Biologie. With the development of this one, the close relation between domestic and wild races was recognized. For this reason, the scientific statute of the domestic “species” was called into question, and much of biologists do not regard them any more from now on but as domesticated forms of the Espèce S original savages.

A species indeed consists of “groups of natural populations, indeed or potentially interfécondes, which is genetically isolated from other similar groups”. However, the domestic “species” cross with their species relationship when they on the occasion of it. “Considering, at least with regard to the races of pets primitive, those would constitute, in general, an entity of reproduction with their ancestral species, if they had the possibility of it, the classification of pets as clean species is not acceptable. This is why one tried to define them as subspecies”.

One then gives to the new subspecies the name of the species of origin, supplemented by the name of subspecies (which takes again the second part of the old name of species), here Bos primigenius taurus .

Certain biologists are even reticent to use the concept of subspecies for a domesticated group. From an evolutionary point of view, the idea of species or subspecies is indeed related to the idea of natural selection, and not of artificial selection. Because of this reserve, and “since approximately 1960, one uses designation " more and more; forma" , shortened " f." , which expresses clearly that it is about the shape of pet which can possibly go up to various wild subspecies: Bovine servant - Boss primigenius F. taurus . An outline of the sequencing of the Génome of the species was returned public on October 6th, 2004 within the framework of the “international Project of sequencing of the bovine genome” carried out by various research institutes of the Canada, of the the United States, Australia and New Zealand. Work was carried out on the case of a cow of named line hereford L1 Dominette 01449, whose photograph is visible on genome.gov. The genome of the species comprises approximately three billion basic pairs of DNA, size close to that of the human genome.

See too

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