Bosnien

This article treats Langue bosnienne known as also Bosnian language. Concerning the Bosnian Ethnonyme to see the Bosnian article . Concerning gentilé the Bosnien , to see the article Bosniens .

The bosnien ( bosanski jezik ), sometimes called Bosnian , is a Indo-European language branch of the Slavic Langues, group southernmost of these languages, sub-group Western of those, beside the languages Serbe, Croatian, Slovenien Montenegrin E and . From the point of view of the Sociolinguistique, it is a language '' ausbau '' belonging to the Slavic Diasystème of the center-south, called officially Serbo-Croatian in old the Yugoslavia.

Speakers

The Charte of the language bosnienne signed by an about sixty Bosnian intellectuals the March 21st 2002 affirms that the bosnien is “the language of the Bosnian and all those which feel it as being theirs with this name”.

The speakers of the bosnien are primarily the Slaves south alive Musulmans on the territory of old the Yugoslavia or originating in this territory. Their full number is estimated at approximately 2,3 million. They are distributed in the following countries:

The bosnien is Official language in Bosnia-Herzégovine and Serbia, in certain localities of Sandjak.

History

One of the documents the oldest writings in the language of Slavic of the South is a trade agreement between Bosnia and Dubrovnik, going back to 1189, written by the reigning prince of Bosnia, the round of applause Kulin. It is regarded the charter of the official existence of Bosnia and, at the same time, as the first documentary certificate of the language bosnienne.

Another mention of the bosnien is in the work Histoire of the written languages of the Byzantine traveller Constantin Philosophe, of 1300.

A document of 1436 mentions a duke of the area of Kotor which brought an young girl described like “a Bosnian woman, heretic, called in language bosnienne Djevena”.

Part of the population of Bosnia was Islam ized after the conquest of this country, in 1463, by the Ottoman Empire, which strongly influenced the culture and the language of these people.

The first dictionary bosnien date of 1631. It is a Turkish glossary bosnien- in rhymes, by Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi.

At the time Othoman and until the 19th century one wrote little in bosnien, because the elite wrote in other languages: Arab, Turkish and Persan.

With the S the first normative works of the bosnien appear.

Writers of the end of and the beginning of the 20th century (grouped under the denomination of “Bosnian Rebirth”: the poets Safvet-beg Bašagić and Musa Ćazim Ćatić, the storyteller Edhem Mulabdić, etc) wrote in a language closer to the Croatian than of the Serbe, with especially lexical specificities.

At the time Yugoslavian, one considers officially that the Bosnians also speak the Serbo-Croatian.

After the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the independence of Bosnia-Herzégovine, the bosnien becomes Official language and one establishes his standard.

Characteristics of the bosnien compared to the Serb one and to Croatian

Generally, the features structural (phonological, morphological and syntactic) of the bosnien are common with Croatian, the Serb one or both. There are few structural features suitable for the bosnien. There exist more characteristics in the lexicon.

The standard bosnien is founded on the dialect štokavien and the pronunciation (I) jékavienne, just like Croatian.

Writing

Before the Othoman time, the bosnien was written with the Latin alphabet and two alphabets derived from the Cyrillic , called bosančica and begovica . This last was used by the nobility. Under the Othoman one adopted the Arabic alphabet, then the Latin alphabet.

Now, practically all the publications in bosnien are written with the Latin alphabet, but the standard admits also the Cyrillic one.

As regards the writing of the foreign proper names of the languages using the Latin alphabet, the bosnien generally follows the example of Croatian, who writes them as in the source language, but there are many bosniennes publications which transcribe them phonetically, like the Serb one.

Pronunciation

As for the stressing, the bosnien has for specific the passage of the accent on the prepositions: U Bosni (“in Bosnia”) pronounced, in the place of.

In certain areas of Bosnia, in the place of the consonants č and ć one pronounces an intermediate consonant between those, or both decide either č , or ć . It is the same for the consonants dž and đ . This characteristic does not relate to the standard language all the same. The Phonème S of this one are the same ones as in Croatian and Serb. (See on this subject Phonetic Croat).

In bosnien current one reintroduces one in certain words, where there existed traditionally, but had lost itself: la' h' KB ( lako into Serb and Croatian) = “easily”, me' h' KB ( meko into Serb and Croatian) = “gently, mollement”, ka' h' goes ( kafa into Serb, kava in Croatian) = “coffee”.

There is a certain number of words to intervocalic in bosnien and Croatian, to which one into Serb corresponds: du' h' year/duvan (“tobacco”), ku' h' ATI / kuvati (“to cook”), su' h' O / suvo (“dry” neutral).

Morphology

the personal pronoun ona (“it”) has as a dull form with the Accusatif I , as into Serb ( ju in Croatian).

In bosnien, the interrogative pronoun referring to the things is šta (“which”) with the Cas Nominatif, that referring to the people being KB , as into Serb (cf što and tko , respectively, in Croatian).

The verbs with the future are written as into Serb, the auxiliary verb being stuck to infinitive without - Ti : Uradiću to. = “I will do that. ” (Croatian: Uradit ću to. ) (See Croatian. Serb conjugation and . Conjugation).

Syntax

The syntagm name + complement of the name

In bosnien, between the elements of this syntagm one cannot include another word:

Infinitive or da + present

Construction main clause + subordinate direct object from which the subject is different from that from principal is identical in bosnien, Serb and Croatian: Hoću da pjevaš. (“I want that you sing. ”) If the subordinate action is carried out by the same subject as that of the verb regent, the Bosnian admits two constructions. Consequently, one can say “I want to sing. ” in two ways:

  • Hoću pjevati . , with the action subordinate to infinitive, as in Croatian and in the majority of the Slavic languages, like in French, moreover, or

  • Hoću da pjevam . , with the subordinate action expressed by the conjunction da + present, as into Serb, which is the copy of the Greek `νά' of “Φεγγαράκι φέγγε μου `νά' περπτώ.

Constructions with the verb trebati

To express the obligation of a determined person, the verb trebati is rather impersonal in bosnien and Serb: Treba da idem. (“It is necessary that I go there. ”), but generally personal in Croatian: Trebam ići. (“I must go there. ”)

To express the need with the same verb, this one is impersonal in bosnien and Serb: Dušanu treba novac. (“With Dušan, it is necessary money for him. ”), but personal in Croatian: Dušan treba novac. (“Dušan needs money. ”).

Lexicon

Compared with the two other languages, it is Croatian who has less words of Turkish origin and the bosnien the most these terms. It is the most specific feature of the bosnien. Such words are: zar (“scarf”), karmin (“lipstick”), avlija (“court”), ćilim (“carpet”).

The same concept is often named by two different words in Croatian and Serb. The standard lexicon of the bosnien generally accepts both, the Synonymie being thus rich. The names of the months are revealing examples. They form pairs of Synonyme S word of Latin origin (as into Serb) - Slavic word (as in Croatian), those of Latin origin however being preferred and three of them having a specific form for the bosnien:

januar - siječanj

februar - veljača

mart - ožujak

april - travanj

maj - svibanj

jun' i' (into Serb jun ) - lipanj

jul' i' (into Serb jul ) - srpanj

a' u' gust (into Serb avgust ) - kolovoz

septembar - rujan

oktobar - listopad

novembar - studeni

decembar - prosinac

Other words are common only with Croatian or only with the Serb one:

  • common with Croatian: riža (“rice”), mrkva (carrot), špinat (“spinaches”), neodgojen (“badly high”), sretan (“happy”)

  • common with the Serb one: hiljada (“thousand”), voz (“train”), paradajz (“tomato”), shvatati (“to include/understand”)

Recent loans

The attitude of the bosnien with regard to the loans is similar to that of the Serb one, i.e. it is more permeable there than Croatian.

The form in which the foreign words are adopted can be identical in the three languages: analizirati (“to analyze”), but in bosnien there are also doublets, two alternatives being allowed, that of Croatian and that of the Serb one: organizirati (as in Croatian)/ organizovati (as into Serb), konstruirati / konstruisati .

In other cases, the loan is adopted only with its Croatian shape ( minuta , into Serb minut ), or only with its form into Serb ( planeta , in Croatian planet ).

Sources

  • Borjanka Jolić, Roger Ludwig, Serbo-Croat without sorrow , Assimil, Chennevières, 1972

  • Bosanski jezik: historijske činjenice, gramatika, razlike (the bosnien: historical facts, grammar, differences)
  • Bosnian, croatian & serbian (Bosnien, Croatian and Serb)
  • Valentine Moldovan, Milja NR. Radan, Gramatika srpskog jezika (Morfologija), Gramatica limbii sârbe (Grammar of the Serb language), Sedona, Timişoara (Romania), 1966
  • Marius Salted, Ioana Vintilă-Rădulescu, Limbile lumii. Mică enciclopedie (languages of the world. Small encyclopedia, E.Ş.E., Bucharest (Romania), 1981

See too

Related articles

External bonds

  • , (in bosnien) Learn the bosnien

  • (in bosnien) Articles concerning the bosnien
  • the bosnien, a language of Bosnia-Herzégovine
  • (in bosnien) Charter of the language bosnienne
  • , (in bosnien) Corpus of texts bosniens of the University of Oslo
  • Langues of Europe. The bosnien (with sound recordings of usual statements)
  • Manual of bosnien, Serb and Croatian
  • (in bosnien) Senahid Halilović, '' Gnijezdo lijepih riječi '' (the nest of the beautiful words) (orthography and culture of the language)
  • , (in bosnien) Site Sanjak.org

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