Boer - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

History

Boers are the descendants of the colonists of Dutch origin , German and French which, from, gradually will occupy the area of the Cape of Good Hope.

The April 6th 1652, with the command of five ships of the Company Dutchwoman of the Eastern Indies (named Reijer , Oliphant , Goede Hoop, Walvisch , Dromedaris ), the captain Jan van Riebeeck unloads in bay of the Montagne of the Table close to the peninsula of the Cape of Good Hope, with the south-western point of the Africa. It is with 90 pioneers including only 8 women that it founds the Cape, the city-mother of the future Republic of South Africa, then simple commercial counter on the road of the India S.

Jan van Riebeeck was not to establish a colony but a relay establishment for the ships on the way towards the Eastern India S. Nevertheless, to increase the agricultural production of the colony in order to nourish the population and to ensure the supply of the ships, it recommended that colonists are released their obligations with respect to the company and are authorized to settle as farmers in the Cape and to trade. It is in February 1657 which the company delivered thus its first authorizations with nine (ex-) employed to be established freely along the Liesbeek river. Those were going to create a class of Dutch owners of free farmers ( vrijburgher or “franc-middle-class man”) simply called burghers then later Boers.

The company of the Boer S initially develops within the framework of an agricultural economy , founded on the culture of the Vigne and the Blé and the Esclavage. In 1688, 238 Huguenot S driven out of France by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, join the 800 Dutch inhabitants of the Colonie of the Cape and develop the vine growing on grounds rich in alluvia, in the valley of Olifantshoek.

In 1706, the Dutch colonists express their distrust for the first time towards the colonial government. The young person Hendrik Bibault in particular refuses to obey the injunctions of an alleging judge that it was not Dutch any more but African (Afrikaner). The Company then decides to stop the Immigration Dutchwoman in the colony and to force an administration civil, commercial and tax increasingly litigious in order to plan the local economy. This restrictive policy encourages in spite of it the spirit Libertarien of the free colonists and the native Dutch peasants of the colony, henceforth called Boers . The latter then seek to escape control from the Company and cross its borders to be established out of its jurisdiction. They drive back the Hottentots and develop on the extents of the Karoo an original culture, strongly impregnated of Calvinisme and isolated from the large currents of thought which cross the Europe of.

Boers end up breaking definitively with their roots Européenne S preaching between them a total egalitarianism and, in the name of their Christian values and Protesting be, affirm their superiority on the Blacks. From 1779, the expansion of Boers is slowed down by the conflicts which develop on the Eastern border with the populations of language Bantou, the Xhosa, obliging the authorities of the Colony of the Cape to intervene by annexing new districts and by imposing on Boers new borders.

In 1795, a revolt boer with Graaff-Reinet against the colonial authorities turns short and in 1806, the Britanniques succeed the Netherlanders with the government of the Colonie of the Cape. This one extends then on 194.000 square kilometers and account a little more than 60.000 inhabitants including some 25.000 White, mainly of Boers of origin free-germano-Dutchwoman, 15.000 Khoisans, 25.000 slaves and thousands of free men (former released slaves of their constraint). A study relating to the origins of the population afrikaner in 1807 distributed at the time this one in Dutch (36,8%), states of German language (35%), French (14,6%), not white (7,2%), others (2,6%), unspecified (3,5%) and British (0,3%).

At the beginning of, crystallizes in the mentality of Boers, the awakening of a common destiny, supported by geographical insulation compared to the capacity of the Colonie of the Cape. A specific culture emerges, founded on a Dialecte, resulting from the Dutch: the Afrikaans, a Religion: the Calvinism, a territory: vast spaces of the Karoo, and especially inward conviction to belong to a privileged group comparable with that of the Hebrew of the Bible, within the framework of a still slave company. The community afrikaner nevertheless is shared between an urbanized group, sensitive to the cultural prestige of the conquerors English, and a rural group, jealous of its independence and its privileges, hostile with the new British administration.

Under the influence of the Protestant missions , the British authorities take initially measures to protect the Métis and Hottentots, in particular by imposing work contracts or by facilitating the recourse legal of paid against their employers. An episode a long time will mark the spirits of communautée the afrikaner and will feed their acrimony towards the British. In 1815, a young person boer of the interior, Frederic Bezuidenhout, is killed by a police officer hottentot after having refused obtempérer with a convocation legal and resisted its arrest. His/her brother managed to raise an about sixty farmers, decided to avenge Frederic Bezuidenhout. Perceived like rebels, they are pursued and driven back with rendering. Judged, five of them are condemned to died and are hung in Slachters Neck, the March 9th 1816. Four are it besides twice, the cord having broken under their weight.

In 1822, the imperial authorities withdraw with Dutch his statute of official language in the courts and the governmental services. A process of anglicisation is moving whereas the Patois Dutch, the Afrikaans, is disparaged. In 1828, the English becomes only the Official language administrative and religious businesses.

In 1833, after having recognized the equal rights between Hottentots and white, the English abolish the Esclavage, thus causing the exodus of part of the stockbreeders Afrikaners of the border. One their chiefs, Piet Retief, writes a proclamation by which it states its objections against the British authority, unable to provide least protection to the farmers in the border zones, unjust to have émancipé the slaves without equitable idemnisations of the owners. It finishes by evoking a promised land where the boers would be finally free. From 1835, the Trekboers cross the Orange Fleuve and Drakensberg chains it, and found in the middle of the country Zoulou the republic of Natalia. The massacre of Retief, its son and his companions by the Zulu king Dingane is followed massacre of several hundreds of boers families in Blaauwkrans and Boesmanspruit. The December 16th 1838, after having lent a Oath towards God, a few hundreds of Boers gain a decisive victory over the irreligious people (regiments) Zoulou S of the king Dingane: it is the battles Blood-To rivet, base historical of the Nation Afrikaner.

In 1843, driven out Native (republic of Natalia) by the British , the Voortrekkers cross the Drakensberg again, are installed on the austere plates of the Veld, crush the Ndebele of the Mzilikazi chief and control the Sotho. Thus constitute the republics boers the free State of Orange and Transvaal, whose English recognize the Indépendance in the years 1850. These republics will remain rural and late until the mining discoveries (Diamant S in 1867, Or in 1886) in the middle of the Transvaal, where will rise the metropolis of Johannesbourg.

In 1875, a group of teachers and pastors of the Dutch reformed church form with Paarl in the Colonie of the Cape a cultural movement of claim, " Die Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners" (the “Association of truths Afrikaner S”) whose objective is to defend and to impose the Afrikaans on the side of the English like Official language of the colony. It is a question for them of giving to the spoken language by Boers its noble letters and of making genuine communications tools of it written.

In 1876, it is for this purpose that the movement directed by Roof launches a review in Afrikaans, " Die Afrikaanse Patriot" in order to wake up the national conscience of Boers and the speakers of language Afrikaans and to release them from their cultural complex of inferiority vis-a-vis the English. Consequently, the defense of the language merges with that of the identity Afrikaans.

In 1877, SJ Of the Roof publishes the first book of Histoire of Boers-Afrikaners written which more is in Afrikaans, Die Geskiedenis van ons Land in die Taal van ons Volk ( history of our country in the language of its people ) which is connected with a political proclamation of Afrikaners loan of Mysticisme. There reports the fight of small people elected to remain faithful to the intention of God, revolt of 1795 to the executions of Slagter' S Neck in 1815, Grand Trek of 1836 identified with the exodus of Egypt to the murder of Piet Retief and to the triumph of Blood River. At the end of the years 1880, Transvaal enters brutally the era of the industrial Capitalisme following the discovery of gigantic layers of Or in the Witwatersrand. Tens of thousands of adventurers and prospectors, coming as a majority from Great Britain, flowed towards the area to the great displeasure of the peasants boers and the president of Transvaal, Paul Kruger. These uitlanders (foreign) quickly exceeded of number Boers on the central layer of the Witwatersrand, while remaining minority on the whole of the territory of the republic of Transvaal. The government of Paul Kruger, aggravated by their presence, refused the Right to vote to them and taxed gold bearing industry heavily. Eager to monopolize the gold layers as much as unifying all South Africa under the Union Jack, the authorities Britanniques of the Cape under the aegis of Cecil Rhodos caused a series of incidents which led in 1899 to the release of the war anglo-boer. After fierce combats, the conflict shows the victory of the the United Kingdom, by the internment of 120 000 civilians boers (women, children and old men boers piled up in camps where the sanitary arrangements and of detention were inhuman, leading to a high death rate) and the death of more than 27 927 of them (of which 22 074 children of less than 16 years) in 45 Concentration camps built by the British troops. This important mortality concerning 10% of the whole of the population afrikaner was the consequence not only of contagious diseases the such Rougeole, the Typhoid fever and the Dysenterie but also of a lack in material and medical supplies.

This episode of the history afrikaner which marks the dissolution of the counterparts boers, solidifies the resentment anti-British, the Républicanisme and reinforces the identity movement of Afrikaners that it marks throughout the 20th century. Overcome militarily, Afrikaners will have to adapt to survive as a distinct entity within a modern, industrial and urbanized state. So some give up their cultural identity giving rise to the anglo-afrikaners , others will seek to preserve their cultural identity on funds of spirit of reconciliation between the enemies of yesterday. They consequently will start a slow reconquest of the political power in order to guarantee the continuation of their historical, linguistic and cultural rights on South Africa.

In 1910, the South-African Union is proclaimed and becomes Dominion Crown. Louis Botha, a former general boer, is the first South-African head of government.

Boer at the 20th century

At the 20th century the term of Boer (country) fell in disuse to the profit from that from afrikaner including at the same time a population rural and urbanized language Afrikaans and established in the 4 South-African provinces.

The term of Boer could continued to appoint the farmers in rural area. At the time of the period of Apartheid, the Slogan a boer, a ball (one boer, one bullit ) was particularly popular among the radical militants of the black movements of release.

In the Eighties, they is behind funds of this slogan which a score of farmers of north-Transvaal were assassinated. Since 1994 and the advent of nonracial South Africa, more than one hundred of farmers was still assassinated.

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