Binding

The binding (derived name to connect , itself resulting from religare in Latin) consists in binding, to gather “it” or “the” sheets of a delivers, folded or not in Cahier, so as to prevent degradation of it, to allow the durable use of it and often to give him a pleasing esthetics.
Très quickly, this artisanal practice set up in Article Aujourd'hui the amateurs bibliophiles can seek bindings, with the scarcity or esthetics exceptional.

There exist several types of binding:

  • bent traditional the binding known as “with the Frenchwoman”.
  • encased the binding known as “binding in Bradel”.
  • the contemporary Bindings

The full binding is distinguished, which is said of a book entirely covered with Cuir or fabric; the half-binding, with which only the back is covered with a noble material (the remainder of volume being covered with a paper); and half-bindings with band or corners, which one also protects the parts most exposed to the hand of the reader, side gutter. The binding in fabric is generally decorated of a part of title (piece of leather placed on the back of the book. It is affixed there the name of the author and the title of the book).

Qualities of leathers used and their uses can vary. There exist bindings, the best with most banal, in vellum skin, Veau or box, in Maroquin, deer or lamb velvet (very flexible and tawed skins), in sorrow, Basane, etc This hierarchy could vary according to the times.

The traditional work of the bookbinder

After having put in books the printed sheets (Folding), to have beaten them on a block of Marble or stone with a heavy hammer with convex head (Batture), and to have held them in press a certain time, one proceeds to the possible trimming then, to connect them, with the Grecquage, which consists of several incisions made with the back of volume with a named hand saw saw with grecquer: these incisions are used to guide the Brocheuse in the operation of seam. One then puts the books on the Cousoir, and one passes from wire around several strings which enter the made incisions to the back, and whose ends are then attached to the cover. That made, the back of the layers is pasted, so that they cannot move any more. One proceeds then to the Endossure, with the Rognage, then with the Dorure or the coloring of the Tranche; after which, one poses the bookmark and the Tranchefile.

When one applied to the back a band of wet Parchemin or fabric, one sticks on the paperboard the Basane, the Maroquin, the fabric or the paper, which must cover it. The made cover, it any more but does not remain to stick the guards; finally to apply gildings, mosaïquages and other ornaments, and to put the title. Of course, this description of the work of the bookbinder is very summary and there exist many alternatives.

Formats

As regards binding, trade of traditions, one is much more often expressed in formats than in metric measurements. There exists a vocabulary for the format of the sheets, a vocabulary for the final format of the book and even of the formats giving of the additional details.

  • Format of the sheets

Several pages is simultaneously printed on the same large sheet of paper. This sheet will be then folded in such way that the pages are presented to the reader in the order where they must be read and constitute what one calls a Cahier. The pages will be finally cut on the level them folds to obtain a book close to its final form. However, these large sheets which can be of different format are, according to their dimensions, called: Dovecote, Jesus, grape, Square, Shell or Crowns (see the article Format of paper).
  • Format of the books
Each one of these sheets is likely to be folded into 2 (In-folio), in 4 (In-quarto, also noted in-4°), in 8 (In-octavo, also noted in-8°) or in 12 (In-duodecimo, in-12°). When the book, exceptional thing, are composed of whole sheets, it bears the name of In plano (it is thus of very big size). In the table below, we give an idea of the dimensions created by the combination of the formats.

  • Other types of format.

The books of which the height is smaller than the width are known as “oblong” formats or “with Italian”. Apart from the regular formats which are reproduced on the table, there exist other formats gathered under the generic term of “bastard formats”.

Jargon of the bookbinder

This jargon, very particular, is also employed by the Libraire S, the Bibliothécaire S and the Bibliophile S to describe the defects (or qualities) of an old book. It is thus particularly interesting to know for remote transactions requiring of complete descriptions of the bindings. With the sales development of old books on Internet, this vocabulary regained a frequent use.

; Book: together of double layers folded on a low thickness then bent together by their funds and then fixed on the headbands ; Drive out: space whose cover overflows the book (see diagram) ; Caps: ends of the overflowing back of the book ; To collate: To put in order the scattered layers of a décousu volume. By extension, to check the good continuation of the pages. ; Back: the visible side once the book arranged normally in a library and on which one registers the title. The neophyte often gives him, wrongly, the name of “section” which qualifies another thing. ; Entrenerfs: outdistance separating the nerves between them ; Funds: folds of the double layers ; Guards: blank papers or of colors, marbled or marbled, placed at the beginning and the end of volume, to protect it and improve its presentation ; Gutter: side opposite of the back and a concave form equalizes with round back and obtained by the rounding of the back. ; Bit: line whereby the cover forms hinge ; Nerves: projections ornamenting the back of the old bindings ; Dishes: they are the two paperboards recovering the book ; Tail: the tail is the lower part ; Bookmarks: ribbon fixed at the head of the book, formerly intended to mark the page where the reading stopped ; Head: the head of a book is the higher side (see diagram) ; Slice: indifferently three sides of the book other than the back, which perhaps of head, tail or gutter ; Headbands: small paper roller, covered with multicoloured silk wire, placed under the cap to reinforce it and fix the books well (see diagram)

History of the binding

The binding was already classified like an art among Romans: one distinguished the Librarioli, the glutinatores, etc During the Moyen-âge, the bindings were sometimes splendid, but generally sober and not very decorated. After the discovery of the Printing works and at the time of the Rebirth, this art took a great rise: as of the end of the 15th century, one saw the bindings in Maroquin and Veau to succeed the bindings out of wooden covered with fabrics or mégissées skins. The Italy, then Lyon and Paris provided the most skilful bookbinders then: one quotes, in France, Pierre Roffet, known as Faucheux, under François I {{er}} and Henri II; Nicolas and Clovis Eve, under Charles IX, Henri III and Henri IV. The amateurs seek the books which the bibliophiles of this time made connect, Grolier, Laurin, Maioli, etc

At the 17th century, the Italian Arabesque S, the Net S, the Entrelac S, the raised ornaments of gold and color, made place with simple and severe bindings, in particular in red Maroquin and plain Veau, often of dark color, as in the bindings known as Janséniste S. the Gascon, P. Gaillard and Ruette, then Boyet, Of the Threshold, both Dérôme and Padeloup, finally Bisiaux and Bradel, is the most estimated bookbinders 18th and 18th century ; one quotes at the same time in England, Baumgarten, Welcher, Roger Payne, Kalthober, etc

At the 19th century, one will retain the bindings of Purgold, De Bozerian, of Simier, Thouvenin, Bauzonnet and Trautz his son-in-law, those of Kœhler, Duru, Niédrée, Capé, Thompson, Marius (Doreur), etc, in France, and of Clarke, Lewes, Hering, Rivière, etc, in England. With the beginning of the 20th century, the binding becomes artistic creation with whole share and is distributed between books of artists (original creation of all the book of which the binding) and book-objects (creation of an original binding). Among the most remarkable bookbinders of art of the 20th century, let us quote Pink Adler, Paul Bonet, Robert Bonfils, Antoinette Cerutti, Georges Cretté, Henri Creuzevault, Germaine of Coster, Louise-Denise Germain, Pierre Legrain, Georges Leroux, Madam Marot-Rodde, Monique Mathieu, Pierre Lucien Martin, Georges Plumelle, François-Louis Schmied.

At the same time is born the industrial binding which thanks to the rationalization of work, the use of machine and the concentration of the labor allows very important series. The Bookbinder Engel, Lenègre are the initiators in France

Other types of binding

The stuck square back

With the industrial binding, the Book S assembled according to the normal order of the reading, are cut out on the last fold of the book using the Massicot to obtain a quite flat back or the specimens to be connected are already assembled and with the format (Photocopies or numerical impression). The layers will be then independent. The delivers posed on the back will be milled (Grecquage) to obtain notches which will make it possible the adhesive to penetrate, ensuring a perfect adherence of each layer on the back of the cover.

The cover will be added at once to perfect the work and the unit is massicoté on the three faces of the book to make it possible to turn the pages without having to use the manual paper-knife, when the book is carried out with assembled books.

Bindings in office automation

There exist several types of bindings used in office automation mainly by preliminary perforation of paper using a perforelior then assembly of a plastic or metal binding on the perforated document. One also speaks in more technical term for this type of binding about “mechanical binding”. It is often wrongly that one refers to the “spiral binding” because the binding in question is not a spiral strictly speaking but generally a “comb” constituting a series of rings out of plastic ( comb binding in English) or out of metal ( double boxing ring binding in English). There exists a true office automation binding in helicoid metal spiral where in its more modern plastic version, which one finds mainly in North America under the name of binding coil (arises in English).

The standard binding " Serdo or Serodo" pages without joining nor perforation makes it possible to gather. It does not require any material but the thickness of the works thus gathered remains limited. Those must be slipped into the rod of binding.

Bindings guaranteeing the authenticity of a document per saddle, from the rigid comb bindings, the thermocollées with flexible back or rigid bindings come to supplement the possibilities of assembly of the documents.

See too

Internal bonds

External bonds

  • Bindings stamped cold of the {{sp-|XII|E|with|XVIII|E}} S of the Library Holy-Genevieve
  • Bindings of British Library over several centuries
  • Birth of a binding all in images, bindings of art, work of restoration, techniques, lexicon…: The Mill of the Orchard
  • old and modern Bindings, restoration of the book
  • a method of new artisanal binding, associated with an apparatus to connect multifunction (Kirlinov)

Cours and training courses according to various French areas

  • Strasbourg (Alsace): Course of binding Suzel Mailfert
  • Strasbourg (Alsace): Binding of art Maurice Salmon
  • Cancale (Brittany): Workshop Tugdual
  • Boulogne (Ile de France): Workshop of binding of art of Martine Thrush
  • Silt (Ile de France): With the unfinished book - Saint Louis Abbey of the Temple
  • Paris (Ile de France): Workshop of binding Catherine Chauvel
  • Versailles (Ile de France): Binding Listel Beatrice Algrain
  • Vésinet (Ile de France): Workshop of applied arts of Vésinet
  • Uzès (Languedoc): The book in the skin Delphine Dejean
  • Flin (Lorraine): Description supplements with photographs of workshop of binding. AsJuliette Fraccola and Daniel Baguet
  • Pernes-the-Fountains (Provence): Bindings of the Workshop Méharées
  • Beaulieu-sous-la-Roche (the Vendée): Workshop Armelle Delaunay, binding of art
  • Nantes (the Vendée): Chassagny Relieure

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