Bhāskara II

Bhāskara II (1114 - ~1185), also called Bhāskarācārya (“the Bhaskara Master”) was a Indian Mathématicien .

Biography

He was born in Vijjaḍaviḍa in the Sahya mounts, to the north of Maharashtra, like he says it itself at the end of his work: There was in Vijjaḍaviḍa, city located in the mounts Sahya… twice born, line of Śāṇḍilya…, virtuous Maheśvara. Born from this last, the intelligent Bhāskara poet… made a talk of Siddhânta…

If one does not know exactly where the town of Vijjaḍaviḍa is, one knows well the mounts Sahya which conceal the site of Ajanta. One also knows, by an inscription found in the base of a temple of the {{S|XII|E}} located in these Sahya mounts, that the family of Śāṇḍilya was established in this area since generations (the inscription quotes nine generations) under the dynasty of Yādava which reigned on this province during approximately three hundred years from 973. This inscription gives the genealogy of Bhāskara and was written to celebrate creation, at this place, of a school devoted to the study of works of Bhāskara and those of its family, Bhāskara not being the only mathematician of this line. This inscription was translated completely by F. Kielhorn and one can find it, with his translation, in Epigraphia Indica , vol. 1, Calcutta, 1892.

The last date of Bhāskara, known with certainty, is 1183; it is given to us by the author himself in the last work of him which was transmitted to us: the Karaṇakutūhala (treated on the movement of planets). No text, nor no inscription, informs us to date about the date and the place of its death. It is said that it was with the head of the astronomical observatory of Ujjain but nothing is less sure, this observatory being especially known by his instruments builds at the 18th century by Maharaja de Jaipur, Sawai Jai Singh II.

Works

  • the Siddhāntaśiromaṇi (the diadem on Siddhānta), in four parts:
    • the Līlāvatī . Treated the arithmetic one where the bases of elementary calculation are presented necessary to the transactions of the everyday life: measurements, numeration, operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication…), calculations of surface and volume; a chapter treats linear equations diophantiennes (kuṭṭaka) and one of the gnomon. The name of this work means: which has the grace of the play and, in the stanza where this name is found, this adjective qualifies the method of exposure of the treaty. A legend reported by the Persan translator of the Līlāvatī , Abū Al Fayḍ Fayḍī, would like that this treaty was written by Bhāskara to comfort his/her Līlāvatī daughter of an unhappy marriage… No Indian commentator takes again this legend. This treaty, like practically all the didactic treaties Sanskrit, is written in worms. Contenu '' Līlāvatī ''
    • the Bījagaṇita , which means “calculation of the main cause”, is the generic name of the algebra in Sanskrit. Another name of the algebra is avyaktagaṇita  : calculation not-proclamation . avyakta (not-proclamation) indicates, in the Indian thought, the undifferentiated state of nature before the creation of a world, this state which contains in power the diversity of all the creatures of the world that us connaissons : the manifest world, vyakta . The algebra contains in power calculation on the numbers. In the treaties of mathematics which are works of the Masters and their comments, written by various mathematicians during the centuries, avyakta is one of the names which indicates the unknown factors with the direction that we give to this word in algèbre : X,   there,   Z,   … . Contained '' Bījagaṇita ''
    • Golādhyaya “chapter on the Spheres”, treating average mathematics of the astronomie : trigonometry…
    • Grahagaṇita “calculation the position of the Planet S”, treating astronomy.

The Siddhāntaśiromaṇi was written in 1150 like says it to us Bhāskara in a stanza close to that referred to above: “My birth took place in the thirty-six year thousand of the era of kings Śaka (1114 EC.); during my thirty-sixth year, I composed the Siddhāntaśiromaṇi” .

Siddhānta means in Sanskrit: established position, conclusion; this word is used to conclude a discussion on a particular subject; it came from there to indicate the treaties on which rested Indian astronomy. Of five which is known to us by the texts, only one reached us, the Sūryasiddhānta , the “ siddhānta of the sun” thus named because he would have been written by the god sun (Sūrya) itself. It is on this treaty that Bhāskara poses a diadem.

  • Others œuvres :

    • a comment (ṭīkā) on its clean Siddhāntaśiromaṇi intitulé : Mitākṣarā (which has measured syllables) or encore : Vāsanābhāṣya (a comment which is a perfume). This comment is not independent of work itself, one finds it in the form of short sentences in prose which briefly explain the formula in worms which precedes or which gives the solution of the exercises suggested in a stanza (always in worms).
    • a comment on Śiṣyadhīvṛddhidatantra (a work which brings an increase to the thought in disciple) of Lalla, astronomer of the eighth century.
    • It Karaṇakutūhala (treaty on the movement of planets). Last work known and dated by the author, in the text itself, of 1183.

See too

Related articles

External bonds

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