Bee-keeping
The bee-keeping , connects Agriculture, is the breeding of bees to honey by the man to exploit the products of the Ruche. The bee-keeper must get for the bee a shelter, care and take care on his environment. Then, it collects a measured part of these products: Honey, Pollen, wax, royal jello and Propolis.
Practiced on all the continents, this activity differs according to the varieties from bees, the Climat and the level of economic development. It is an activity where the ancestral methods like smoking mix, and modern methods like artificial insemination or the study of the way of the bees equipped microréflecteurs radar.
History
The first Ruche resulted undoubtedly from the taking away of a trunk of Arbre hollow containing a swarm. Later, with the control of the techniques of enruchage, the first manufacture of artificial hives, undoubtedly made appears trunks dug or of cork bark.
The bee-keeping was current in the Egyptian High-Empire XXIV E. Representations were put at the day in the temple of king -Ouser-Re with Abou-Gourab (ancient Egypt), where one sees scenes showing the extraction and the conservation of honey.
There exist several treaties concerning the bee-keeping during the period of the ancient Rome, Pline Old the describes with precision certain models of mobile hive in wicker or out of cork ( apiarium ), Virgile devotes to it the fourth song of the Géorgiques .
Models of hives in boards appear as of Antiquity, it existed also braided hives. They were initially made intersected rods of wood, sealed with a mixture of dung of cow and ashes. The hives in braided straw, later, are mentioned for the first time in an ordinance of Charlemagne gone back to 799, the Capitulaire De Villis. Harvest in these hives was practiced by étouffage total or partial of the swarm, or by the size of rays, that led to their death or their weakening. The invention of the rise cures these disadvantages. In 1772, Jonas de Gélieu describes the first hive with functional rise in its Nouvelle method to form the artificial swarms . The entry in the modern bee-keeping is made with the invention of the mobile framework developped at the point in 1844 by Debeauvoys.
The art of the bee-keeping
The bee-keeping relates to the beekeeping to domestic honey ( Apis will mellifera , Apis nigrocincta and of some species without dart of the tribe of the Meliponini ). It is the only insect, with the Bombyx of the mulberry tree (Silkworm), which one describes as servant. These bees can become again wild when they escape from the apiary at the time of the Essaimage, or become servants at the time of the capture of a wild swarm.The control of a colony mainly consists in taking care of the state of the “Démographie” of the hives.
To reproduce and survive, a colony of bees seeks to accumulate a maximum of provisions during the favorable season in order to be able to pass without problem the unfavourable seasons. In the countries of north, this period is the winter; in the south and in Africa, this period is the dry season.
The colony
A colony of bees is composed of a single queen, many workers (female), drones (male) and of couvain (eggs + Larve S + nymphs). A hive contains a colony. The bee was already present there are four million years on Earth. Fossils with the aspect identical to the current bees were put at the day. This longevity is the result of the exceptional adaptability of this species. The behavior of the bee is under the control at the same time of innate factors and the adaptability in the environmental conditions.The population of the colony varies according to the seasons. It is important for the periods when the resources are abundant in nature (: 30000 with: 70000 individuals) in order to make the most possible harvests. It is minimal the winter (6 000 individuals) in order to reduce the consumption of provisions to the minimum. However, it should not be too weak, because it is it which will have to start again the colony in spring.
The bee-keeper
France counts approximately 80.000 bee-keepers for 1.345.000 hives. The professionals account for 20% of this total, the amateurs 80%.The bee-keepers come from all the horizons social, men, women, countrymen or urban. Some discovered the bee-keeping randomly of their course, others, often, were initiated young people whereas they accompanied their father or grandfather with the apiary. Attentive with the ecosystem surrounding their apiaries, the Botanical , the Entomologie often form part of their fields of interests. It is in any case an activity which is practiced with passion, if not the abandonment arrives quickly.
One says that the bee is the sentinel of the Environnement, Albert Einstein said: “When the bee disappears, there will remain nothing any more but four years to be lived with the man. ” The bee-keeper is the first to note the dysfunctions of his colonies, it intervenes to alert the public authorities or the opinion (in Europe, certain plant health products were prohibited following their interventions.)
The hive and other visitors
See also: Hive
The hive, by the shelter which it gets and provisions that it contains, attracts many more or less desired animals.
Among the insects, one can count the Fourmi S and the earwigs, which place themselves on cover-tallies but hardly penetrate inside the hive. False the Teigne is a butterfly parasite, which penetrates in the hive; its larva consumes wax and ruins in little time the weak hives. The strong hives, on the contrary, can be defended against the false tinea. Much more worrying is the damage caused in many areas of Europe by a parasitic acarina of the bee, Varroa jacobsoni, become resistant to the traditional varroacides. Formic acid is used or of essential oils to come to end but the best prevention is still the breeding of stocks of bees " résistantes" , i.e. ready to get rid of the parasite. A meticulous monitoring of the apiaries (dead bees of fresh date) can make it possible to detect the acariose before it spreads. Another threat appeared with Aethina tumida: this small coleopter of the hives causes important losses in the North-American apiaries. With the universalization which does not save the world of the bee-keeping (exports of queens, of swarms…), on when its arrival in Europe?
In the hive, for the period Winter nale, the Souris appreciates the lodging and cover, whereas the Vipère and the grass snake are satisfied with a tepid refuge for the winter.
The green woodpecker, it, do not hesitate to bore the walls out of wooden of the hives to reach the larvae rich in Protéine S.
Multiplication of the colonies
Swarming
See also: Swarming
The most prosperous colonies reproduce by swarming. At the beginning of spring, some cells with queen are produced. Approximately one week before the birth of the queens, the former queen leaves the hive with half of manpower of all the categories of workers to form a swarm: at the time of the departure, all the workers gavé the jabot of provisions and they cannot thus prick: a swarm is thus inoffensive and the remainder in theory all the time of its voyage. With the first swarm will leave the fertilized queen. It is the day when a swarm will leave the hive which the farmer will have to cut a large field of hay. The bees are able to envisage time that it will make three to four weeks in advance. For proof, when they launch the breeding of the young queens, they know already time that it will make for the days when the swarms will have to seek a new housing. And… seven days after the exit of the first swarm if the colony is very strong, it will be a new swarm with a not fertilized queen who will fly away towards the great adventure. It is not finished: two days after the secondary swarm, it will be a third swarm which will leave the hive in its turn. The hives held very well are able to illustrate this text. During all this time, the weather will be in the great good weather, and the observant farmers of the bees over these nine days will have made most of their fodder. The hay does not make good household with the rain. With reading these some preceding lines, we can be humble. What a size! !. It is possible to find a swarm under the rain, but it will be doubtless a swarm which will not have found to place itself immediately. It happens that some leave, and in the night a good rain sprinkles the countryside copiously. This swarm will place itself hung with the branches of a hedge to spend the night or it will be protected from the rain and the wind. The swarm leaves to research a shelter; it can be to him provided by the bee-keeper who captures it and introduces it into a new hive, or it turns over at the wild state and finds shelter in a hollow shaft, an excavation, an unused chimney or even behind shutters.
In the hive, the first queen who is born keep silent immediately all her rivals who are still in their cells (except in the very important colonies or the bees must preserve the young queens still twice in order to essaimer). There can indeed be only one queen per colony. One week later, it carries out its first nuptial flight.
A colony can produce, between the beginning of spring and the beginning of the summer, to three swarms, they are known as respectively primary, secondary and tertiary.
Artificial swarming
When a colony loses its queen accidentally, it is found orphan. The workers realize of her absence after one or two days. The colony cannot survive without the laying of the queen who ensures the renewal of her population. The workers will choose cells containing of eggs of less than three days to increase them, they are the cells of “sauveté”. The larvae which they contain will be nourished exclusively with royal jello in order to produce queens.This characteristic is made profitable by the bee-keepers to multiply their colonies. For that, they take in a strong hive some rays with cells containing of eggs of less than three days, the rays are covered with workers. They transvase them in a ruchette with rays furnished with provisions. If all occurs well, a new queen is born two weeks later.
Simplified swarming
Why simplified swarming? It is an experiment easy to carry out without risk nor handling. With this intention, that which has a hive must buy granulated sugar, to have a pan and water at disposal. It is necessary to make boil 1 kilogram of sugar and 1 liter of water during more or less ten minutes. As of the beautiful days, to always hold the full nourrissor. Of course, a nourrissor will have to be used where they can be numerous to suck the syrup which is offered to them. If the hive is “greedy”, it can consume 10 kilograms of sugar. The food will continue until the departure of the second and third swarms (nine days after the first). After the third swarming, during still a good week, the nourrissor will be held full. Then, it is the moment to put the rise with a last small mouthful of syrup to help the workers to clean and build the executives of the rise in order to place honey. As of the first distribution of syrup, the residences of the future swarms are in preparation; ruchettes or, better, hives and frameworks furnished with corrugated wax.
Selection and breeding of queens
The bee-keepers choose a queen.Races
The bee is a Hyménoptère, pertaining to the kind Apis which comprises several social species including three originating in Asia: Apis dorsata , Apis florea and Apis cerana . The Apis will mellifera (Linné) meets in Europe, in Africa, with the the Middle East and in part of the Siberia. Its very great geographical extension produced races with the morphological and behavioral characters varied. Brought by the colonists, the surface of the Apis will mellifera extended to the North America and the South America, to the Australia and the New Zealand.The most known races of Europe are identified by geographical areas, separated by insuperable mountains with the swarms. They lived there in an indigenous state, with few external contacts. The black bee, Apis will mellifera will mellifera (Linné, 1758) lived all the septentrional part of Europe since the Iberian peninsula Spain and Portugal, the France, the England and the Germany, the Poland until the European part of the Russia. The Italian yellow bee, Apis will mellifera ligustica (Spinola, 1806) occupies the major part of the Italy. The bee carnolienne, Apis will mellifera carnica (Pollmann, 1879), is originating in Slovenia and Austria. The Caucasian with long horn, Apis will mellifera caucasica (Pollmann, 1889), lives mainly in the the Caucasus and in Georgia.
Mongrel races were created by the action of the man, voluntarily or not.
The Buckfast bee created by the Brother Adam one of is appreciated. It is the result of a work of combined crossings and selection. This work, which extended on more than 70 years, and comprised several trips study To the research of the best lines of bees, made emerge a method currently taken again by several European stockbreeders: disciples who continue the work of the Brother Adam. This bee is, at present, only whose pedigree is published on the Internet. These pedigrees, classified by stockbreeder, go up until 1925. They are work tools for these stockbreeders.
Another example of interbreeding is that of the bee known as Africanisé E . It was born in 1957, with the Brésil, following the importation of Africa of the bee Apis will mellifera scutellata (Lepeletier, 1836) which had seemed adapted better to the tropical climate. It crossed with the creole bee, downward Iberian bees imported by the Conquistador are. This crossing, to which the characteristics - strength and prolificity - gave an important evolutionary advantage, invades all the tropical and subtropical zone of Americas.
Beyond these races having a determined denomination, the bees form local populations or races in each area even if they are not formally identified. The degree of originality of these races, their homogeneity or their degree of hybridization are described little. The population of bee of an area is resulting from its heritage (the old local race), from the continuous contributions of bees of origin distant or stock selected by the purchases from queens, from swarms or transhumance, and remains under the influence of the climatic local conditions or resources, combined with the more or less extensive practices of the bee-keepers.
The study of the racial, morphological and behavioral characters are the object of the Biométrie. Its contributions in bee-keeping are important because it makes it possible to know the influence of the genetic characters on qualities of a given bee.
Selection
The selection is practiced as in the other sectors of agriculture, it tends to improve the bee to satisfy the needs for the bee-keeping. The qualities sought in the bee are to be vigorous, productive, soft, clean, not very essaimeuse, resistant to the diseases…
Breeding
Any bee-keeper practices, in his apiary, the selection. Indeed, when it practices artificial swarming, it chooses like stock its strongest hives. But, to practice a more rigorous selection, it is necessary to be able to have a great number of colonies. Certain bee-keepers thus specialized in the production of selected queens.For that, they have hives dedicated to this use. Executives are arranged to contain several artificial outlines of cells with queen, called cups . Old larvae of less than the 36 hours, smallest possible, are deposited at the bottom of these cups, this operation is called the picking . The executives furnished with these cups are introduced into hives of breeding put in a state of orphanhood, i.e. which one removed the queen. The worker-nurses will deal with the larvae in their providing in abundance of the royal jello of composition adapted to their age, then operculer the cells. By precaution, the cells are then surrounded by small cylindrical grids in order to protect them from the attack of a queen born prematurely.
Before the birth of the queens, each cell is placed in a ruchette of fecundation. This ruchette is furnished with workers and rays of couvain cover, from which it would be impossible for them to produce new queens. In the month which follows their birth, the queens must be fertilized, either naturally by a certain number (from 15 to 25) of males of its environment, or artificially. In the first case, the ruchettes are placed preferably in a zone saturated with bumblebees of the selected stock, possibly on an isolated island. In the second case, by a handling called instrumental insemination makes it possible to inject the sperm to him - 8-12 μL, of a good score of selected males - au préalable introduced into a capillary, in order to have a pure stock.
Apiarian operations
ProtectionsThe risk of puncture requires the port of protections. The bees of kind Apis preferentially tackle the dark head and parts which, for them, represent openings, like the eyes, the hair and the ears.
The behavior of a bee-keeper must be clear, generally cream-coloured white. It wears a clothing protecting all the members, a cap provided with a sufficiently tightened metal veil and gloves, but those limit the precision of handling.
Smoking
Any intervention inside the hive requires the smoking of the colony. The opening of the hive must be done only per good weather. Thus, a maximum of bees will be outside the hive, which will facilitate the intervention in the hive. This operation is done using a Enfumoir. There are many models, although they function all on the same principle. Smoke is produced by a fuel imprisoned in a sheet container, combustion is incomplete and produces much smoke. Bellows make it possible to drive out the smoke of the container through a conical chimney and to direct its flow. The burned matter can be straw, pine needles, paperboard untreated…
Products of the hive
Honey
See also: Honey
The modern hives are built so that honey is extracted simply whereas the extraction of the honey of the old hives involved the destruction of this one. The vertical panels of the modern hives can be independently extracted the ones the others. The bees producing couvains only in the lower panels, the higher panels contain only honey. The extraction of a panel thus does not destroy a larva. The operation all the more requires a smoking that time is stormy. The cells of the panels can then uncapped and the honey extracted by gravity or centrifugation. Honey is then always liquid. It will crystallize (will solidify itself) later for certain type of honey.
that one consumes then whole. The proteins of the larvae of bees are rich in elementary amino-acids, whose availability is maximum, and digestion does not bring any tiredness, when it becomes usual. The production of these proteins, when they result from hives in preserved agricultural zones, constitutes an ecological excellence: a rich, preservable product 2 days, packed by nature, with the ecological Impressed lowest possible, in comparison with other proteins. The man on the other hand always was in competition with other mammals which consume larvae, like the Ours which contrary to the generally accepted ideas, prefer them with honey. It is easy to withdraw them hive because in general few bees work on the rays covers where the larvae of bigger size are. One can also eat wax with.
Economy
Flora mellifère
See also: Flora mellifère
List plants mellifères in France (nonexhaustive!)
| Plants | Nectar | Honeydew | Pollen | Flowering | Observation |
| Abricotier (Prunus armenica) | * | * | *** | February-April | Cultures |
| Acacia Robinier (Robina pseudoacacia) | *** | - | ** | Mai | Bois |
| Ailante (Ailanthus altissima) | * | - | - | June-July | Parcs |
| Amandier (Prunus dulcis) | *** | - | ** | February-April | Cultures |
| Arbousier (Arbutus unedo) | ** | - | - | October-January | Maquis |
| Arbre with butterflies (Buddelia) | * | - | - | July-October | Jardins - Friches |
| Arbre of Judaea (Cercis siliquastrum) | ** | - | * | Mai | Parcs - Jardins |
| Asphodèle (Asphodelus albus) | * | - | - | April-June | Maquis |
| Aster (Aster) | ** | - | * | Sept. - Novembre | Jardins |
| Aubépine (Crataegus monogyna) | ** | - | *** | April-June | Haies and lisières |
| Ballote black (Ballota will nigra) | ** | - | ** | - | Friches |
| Bardane common (Barbarea vulgaris) | ** | - | ** | - | Friches |
| Bouillon white (Verbascum thapsus) | - | - | *** | June-September | Talus |
| Bouleau (Betula) | - | - | ** | March-April | Bois |
| Bourdaine (Frangula alnus) | ** | - | ** | May-June | Haies |
| Bourrache (Borago officinalis) | ** | - | - | June-August | Talus |
| Brunelle (Prunella vulgaris) | *** | - | *** | June-September | Talus |
| Bruyère (Erica herbacea) | ** | - | ** | Mars Juillet | Sous-bois |
| Bryone dioïque (Brionia dioïca) | * | - | * | - | Haies - Bois |
| Buis (buxus sempervirens) | * | - | ** | April-May | Lisières - Jardins |
| Buisson burning (Pyracantha) | *** | - | ** | May-June | Haies |
| Callune (Calluna vulgaris) | *** | - | *** | June-September | Sous-bois |
| Carotte (Daucus carota) | * | - | ** | May-July | Cultures |
| Catalpa (Caltapa bignonioides) | * | - | * | July-August | Parcs |
| Centaurée jacée (Centaurea jacea) | ** | - | * | June-September | Prés |
| Cerisier (Prunus avium, cerasus) | ** | ** | *** | March-May | Bois - Vergers |
| Chardon with needles (Cardus pycnocephalus) | * | - | * | May-June | Friches |
| Châtaignier (Castanea sativa) | ** | ** | ** | June-July | Cultures |
| Chênes (Quercus) | - | ** | - | March-May | Bois |
| Chèvrefeuille (Lonicera fragantissima) | ** | - | - | April-May | Bois |
| Chicorée wild (Cichorium intybus) | * | - | ** | - | Talus - Friches |
| Cist (Cistus albidus, salviifolius) | - | - | ** | April-June | Garrigues |
| Clémentinier (Citrus clemntina) | *** | ** | * | March-May | Cultures |
| Colza (Brassica napus) | *** | - | ** | April-May | Cultures |
| Coquelicot (Papaver rhoeas) | - | - | *** | May-July | Champs - Friches |
| Cotonéasters (Cotoneasters) | *** | - | * | Juin | Jardins |
| Dorycnium (Dorycnium pentaphyllum) | ** | - | * | April-May | Garrigues |
| Epilobe (Epilobium angustifolium, hirsutum) | *** | - | ** | June-September | Prairies |
| Erable (Acer campestre) | *** | ** | ** | April-May | Bois |
| Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus will melliodora, will rostrara) | *** | - | - | - | Sud France |
| Févier of America (Gleditschia triacanthos) | *** | - | - | Juin | Parcs |
| Framboisier (Rubus idaeus) | *** | - | ** | May-July | Bois - Cultures |
| Germandrée (Teucrium montanum) | ** | - | * | May-August | Rocailles |
| Grande camomile (Tanacetum parthenium) | * | - | ** | - | Friches |
| Groseillier (Ribes rubrum) | * | - | ** | April-May | Bois - Cultures |
| Hellébore (Helleborus Niger) | ** | - | ** | January-April | Rocailles |
| Houx (Ilex aquifolium) | ** | - | ** | May-June | Sous-bois |
| Lavande (Lavandula angustifolia) | *** | - | * | June-September | Cultures |
| Lierre (Hedera helix) | *** | - | *** | Sept. - Octobre | Bois - Ruines |
| Luzerne (Medicago sativa, lupilina) | *** | - | * | April-October | Talus - Cultures |
| Maïs (Zea mays) | - | - | ** | June-August | Cultures |
| Marronnier (Aesculus hippocastaneum) | ** | - | ** | May-June | Parcs |
| Mauve (Malva sylvestris) | ** | - | * | May-October | Talus |
| Mélilot white (Melilotus albus) | *** | - | * | June-September | Talus |
| Millepertuis (Hypericum perforatum) | - | - | ** | June-September | Friches |
| Moutarde (Sinapis alba) | *** | - | ** | May-September | Cultures - Friches |
| Noisetier (Coryllus avellana) | - | ** | ** | January-March | Bois |
| Oignon (Allium cepa) | * | - | ** | July-September | Cultures |
| Origan (Origanum vulgarum) | - | - | ** | June-September | Talus |
| Panigaut pastoral (Eryngium campestre) | ** | - | ** | - | Friches |
| Paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) | * | - | * | April-May | Parcs |
| Pêcher (Prunus persica) | * | - | ** | March-April | Cultures |
| Perce-neige (Galanthus nivalis) | * | - | * | January-March | Prairies |
| Peuplier (Populus) | - | ** | ** | March-April | Culture |
| Phacélie (Phacelia tanacetifolia) | *** | - | ** | July-September | Cultures |
| Pissenlit (Taraxacum officinal) | *** | - | *** | May-June | Prairies |
| Poirier (Pyrus pyraster) | * | * | * | March-May | Bois - Cultures |
| Pommier (Malus) | *** | - | * | March-May | Bois - Cultures |
| Prunellier (Prunus spinosa) | ** | - | ** | March-April | Haies |
| Réséda white (reseda alba) | * | - | *** | - | Friches |
| Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) | *** | - | - | June-July | Landes |
| Romarin (Rosmarinus officinalis) | *** | - | * | November-April | Garrigues |
| Ronce (Rubus fructicosus) | ** | - | ** | June-August | Haies - Friches |
| Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) | ** | - | - | May-August | Cultures |
| Salicaire (Lythrum salicaria) | *** | - | ** | June-September | Lieux humides |
| Sapin (Abies alba) | - | *** | * | Mai | Bois |
| Sarrasin (Fagopyrum esculentum) | ** | - | * | June-September | Cultures |
| Sarriette (Satureia Montana, hortensis) | * | - | ** | June-September | Maquis - Jardins |
| Sauge (Salvia pratensis) | *** | - | ** | May-July | Prairies |
| Saule marseault (Salix caprea) | ** | - | *** | February-March | Lisières |
| Scabieuse (Scabiosa columbaria) | *** | - | * | July-October | Prairies |
| Seringat (Philadelphus coronerius) | * | - | * | May-June | Parcs |
| Serpolet (Thymus serpyllum) | ** | - | - | June-September | Rocailles |
| (Sophora japonicum) will >Sophora | *** | - | * | July-September | Parcs |
| Sorbier of the bird-catchers (Sorbus aucuparia) | ** | - | * | May-June | Bois - Jardins |
| Sumac of Virginia (Rhus) | *** | - | - | May-June | Parcs - Jardins |
| Thym (Thymus vulgaris) | *** | - | - | April-September | Jardins |
| Tilleul (Tilia cordata, platyphyllos) | *** | ** | ** | June-July | Bois - Jardins |
| Tournesol (Helianthus year) | ** | - | *** | July-August | Cultures |
| Trèfle (Trifolium repens, incarnatum) | *** | - | ** | May-July | Talus - Prairies |
| Troene (Ligustrum vulgare) | ** | - | * | May-June | Haies - Friches |
| Tussilage (Tussilago will farfara) | - | - | * | February-April | Friches Talus |
| Verge (Solidago virgaurea) | ** | - | ** | July-October | Bois - Friches |
| Vigne virgin (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) | *** | - | - | June-July | Murs |
| Vipérine (Echium vulgare) | *** | - | * | May-July | Talus |
Some personalities
- Charles Darwin : (1809 - 1882) in his work on the origin of the species ( One the origin off species by Means off Natural Selection gold the Safeguarding off Favoured Races in the Struggle for life ), Darwin speaks about the bee which he lengthily studied in particular compared to his instinct of bâtisseuse extraordinary. He thus shows in chapter VII, that the bee builds its cells by natural selection while gaining in solidity and saving the place and the raw material. Thus, the hexagonal form would not be a chance but well a need.
- Adam (Brother): (1898 - 1996) born in Germany, untiring apiarian traveller, and author of many works, it created, by crossing of best the stocks, the bee buckfast.
- Holy Ambroise: (340 - 397) bishop of the town of Milan, patron saint of the bee-keepers, the bees and the town of Milan.
- Ursmar Baudoux : Of Belgian origin (Binche 1867 - 1934), it increased the capacity of the cells, developed measuring instruments and " créa" larger bees with a longer language which made it possible to collect more nectar.
- Gaston Bonnier: (1853 - 1922) - Celebrates French botanist who worked with G. LAYENS on experimental apiaries, and whose observations were references in this field.
- Charles Dadant: (1817 - 1902) - Born in France, it joined the the United States in 1863 where it develops the hive bearing its name. The family company which it always founded perdure after 5 generations.
- Georges de Layens:
- Jean Hurpin: begin in bee-keeping in 1900. It founds in 1920, with the teacher Jean Guerre, the newspaper “the Bee of France and the bee-keeper”. It improves the hive De Layens and publishes many apiarian works.
- Lorenzo Langstroth : American, develops his hive in 1860, it is currently one of most widespread in the world.
- Jean-Baptiste Voirnot (abbot): (1844 - 1900) French, creator of the hive Voirnot
- Karl von Frisch: (1886 - 1982) zoologist and Austrian ethologist having deciphered the language of the bees, in particular their dances of localization of the sources of nectar. Nobel Prize of medicine 1973.
- Emile Warré (Abbot): (???? - 1951) - French, the hive developed bearing its name after having studied all the types of hives available to its time. It had of them 350, with a minimum from 10 to 12 per model, placed in identical situations, even apiary, even direction…
Glossary
; Bars and bars: small planks laid out in parallel and horizontally in top of the hives, under which the bees will build their rays. The bee-keeper the starter by fixing a wax band corrugated on their lower face which will be used as guide with the bees. The bars are used in the hives Warré, their width is approximately 25 mm and their thickness of approximately 9 mm, they are not jointed so that the bees can circulate between the body and the various rises, the last stage is closed by a lid (framework covers). The bars are used in horizontal hives signal-bar type, their width is of approximately 35mm and their thickness of approximately 25 Misters They are assembled jointed and form once places the lid of the hive from there. ; Cell or cell: compartment of hexagonal section and slightly tilted axis compared to the horizontal one (of approximately 13 °) which forms the basic reason for the rays of a hive and can be used for various uses: dehydration of the water of nectar, maturation and storage of honey, storage of pollen, breeding of the larvae of workers. ; Cell of sauveté: cell built by the workers for the production of queens in the orphan hives. ; Wax corrugated: presented in sheets, it is about a natural wax film on which a machine marked hot and on the two faces the outline of the bottom of the future cells: vertically placed on executives of wood and rigidified by a wire located in their thickness and which traverse them in zigzag and of free in and out, these sheets facilitate the task of the wax-producing bees with which it bee-keeper propose them as outlines on which they will build the walls of the various cells. ; Couvain: together eggs, larvae and nymphs contained in a hive. ; Entomophilous: says plants using the insects as vector for their fecundation. ; To make the beard: behavior of the bees which indicates that the hive is insufficiently aired or misses freshness; generally, one observes this phenomenon at the time of the hottest ends of the afternoon of the summer: the bees, leaf of the wings with a characteristic rustle, lay out themselves in great number on the board of flight or remain suspended the ones with the others, highest being fixed on the edge of the board of flight or on the wall of the body of hive which overhangs the entry; ; Jabot: pocket communicating with the stomach, isolated from this one by a valve. ; Mellifère: plants giving in abundance sweetened substances accessible to the domestic bees. ; Cover: fine wax membrane closing a cell. ; Organoleptic: who acts on sensory perception, for food: taste, odor, color, aspect, consistency… ; Partition: mobile partition marrying the section of a hive, parallel to placed the rays it makes it possible to reduce the volume of the hive. With an aim of facilitating its maintains in temperature by the bees during the wintering or when the colony is weak. ; Board of flight (or of take-off): small plane surface, placed at the base of the body of hive and slightly tilted towards outside: it is used as track of takeoff or landing with butineuses, as well as guardroom to the guardians (sentinels). ; Orphan hive: hive not having more queen. ; State of rustle: state of a smoked out hive emitting an intense buzz, following its smoking. ; Spermathèque: tank in the abdomen of the queen containing the seed of the bumblebees which will be used to fertilize eggs of workers and queens. ; Signal-bar: Anglo-Saxon term indicating the bars, it is also the name of a hive provided with these same bars. This hive, horizontal, is presented in the form of a deep gutter of trapezoidal section, closed by a roof. Of low costs it was created initially for the countries in the process of development.
| Random links: | Réans | Battle of Adwalton Moor | Canton of Saint-François | The green Table | IROC I | Bonification_Bill |