Barra Kokhba de Simon

The Ottoman Empire ( Osmanlı İmparatorluğu in Turkish modern), one of the many States founded by the Turks, existed between 1299 and 1920 (either 623 years).

Founded by a Turkish tribe oghouze in Anatolia Western, the Ottoman Empire extended to the ridge from its power on all the Anatolia, the Balkans, the circumference of the Black Sea, the Syria, the Palestine, the Mésopotamie, the Arabic Péninsule and the North Africa (except the Morocco).

History

Foundation

The Ottoman Empire was rested by a family resulting from the Kayı, one of the 26 Turkish tribes Oghouzes which had conquered the Anatolia at the 11th century, with the detriment of the Roman Empire of the East known as Byzantine Empire. While the first Turkish Sultanate seldjoukide breaks up, this tribe will begin its extension under the reign of Osman Ier ( Othmane عُثْمان in Arabic, which will give in Turkish Osmanlı , name given to its dynasty, and Othoman French ).

In 1299, Osman Ier conquered the Byzantine city of Mocadène, today Bilecik, and this date generally marks the beginning of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the constitution of the first true Othoman Armée. Until its death in 1324, Osman Ier conquered several other cities and fortified towns Byzantine, like some of the principalities Turkish S neighbors.

Its successors continued his expansion policy. The Ottoman Empire conquered Gallipoli, its first territory European , in 1347, then extends through the Balkans. In 1389, it gains a decisive victory with the Bataille of Kosovo Polje in Serbia (or battles of the field of the Blackbirds), putting fine at the existence of the Serb kingdoms and Albanian. The Serbia was definitively annexed by the Othomans after the fall of Smederevo, in 1459. In 1453, ordered by the sultan Mehmet II, it seizes Constantinople and puts an end to the Byzantine Empire, thus establishing its domination on the Christian part of the the Eastern Mediterranean. The Turks will call the Christian populations Roumis , in reference to their origin resulting from the Roman Empire of the East. The Empire then gradually establishes its sovereignty on all the Moslem part of the world the Mediterranean N.

The Othoman Sultan S see their titulature growing rich at the 15th century by the old Turkish title by Khan, then of that of Caliph at the 16th century, i.e. successor of Mahomet and chief of the Muslim community ( Oumma ). Control that they exert on their grounds is variable; the remote provinces of Tunis and Algiers enjoy a broad autonomy, as well as the vassal khânat of the Tatar S of the Crimea. Certain Christian states, as old the Principauté S Rumanian are of Valachie, Moldavie and for a time the Transylvania, pay to the Sultan a tribute at the 15th century-16th century, but do not become therefore Othoman provinces, as show it by error the majority of the Western works. Finally in Africa, Egypt and its Khedive, theoretically submitted to the Othoman Sultan, follow in fact an independent policy, sometimes going until him to make the war!

The Christian populations of Balkans, of Anatolia, of Syria and Egypt provide to the Empire (generally by the forced conscription of the young boys) its principal military body, that of the Janissaire S (deterioration of Turkish yeniçeri “new soldier”), instituted at the 14th century by the Orhan sultan. But from very many poor Christians (Slavic, Greek, Armenian, etc) pass to the islâm not to pay more the haraç (tax on the not-Moslems) and become Turks: for this reason, the Turks assert a European ascent that the Turkish-speaking ones of Central Asia do not have.

Apogee

The Empire knows its apogee at the 16th century, under the reign of Soliman the Magnificent the whose armies arrive until Vienna in 1529 and 1532, but they make the seat in vain. But conversely, this projection will mark the limit of the expansion of the Empire in Occident (as Aden the limit will fix some at the south).

The Empire creates a military fleet, tries to be essential in the Mediterranean on the detriment of the cities born Italy and reaches one moment that point. The naval defeat of Lépante in 1571, in front of the fleets Spanish and Venetian, puts an end to its supremacy. Reorganized by Sokullu Mehmed pasha, the Othoman fleet will certainly remain then an important power, and the Venetian possessions (Cyprus and islands in Aegean Sea) will join the Empire gradually, but the trade in the Mediterranean will remain with the hands of Europeans of the west.

The Empire finds its place in the European diplomatic play where it is a traditional ally of the France, in an alliance of reverse against the Habsbourgs, as of the reign of François I {{er}}.

Decline

The Empire declines slowly as from the 18th century, not managing to follow the rapid growth of the European countries. In 1683, the failure of the ultimate head office of Vienna (a disastrous defeat) is often taken as beginning of the effective decline, starting the first territorial losses.

In 1782, the Russia of Catherine II seizes the the Crimea without the Sublime Door (as one indicates sometimes the Empire according to the name of the monumental door of honor of Large Vizirat in Istanbul, sits of the government of the Sultan) not reacting, not thinking of being of force to be opposed to it. In 1798, the French take foot in Egypt and remain there three years all while claiming themselves of a “friendship” with the Sublime Door. This attitude in half-tone made the admiration of Mehmet Ali which it will inspire later in a similar action (and which will always mention its admiration for Bonaparte).

At the 19th century, the Empire - called “the sick man of Europe” (by Russia) - disaggregates. This same century, it starts a modernization process in order to find its power and its prosperity of antan. This period begins in 1808 with the charter from the Union (Sened-i Ittifak) signed between the feudal sultan and chiefs and who confirms the capacity of the latter vis-a-vis the central administration. Then the edict comes from Tanzimat (Tanzimat Fermani) in 1839 when the central administration announces legislative measures with an aim of modernizing the empire. During this period, European countries such as France and the United Kingdom influenced the Ottoman Empire much. Another reform undertaken at that time is the abolition of slavery in 1847. End of this period of reforms which is called " Tanzimat" be completed by monarchical Anger Constitution in 1876.

In 1830, the Greece, supported by the western powers, obtains its independence. The governor of the Egypt, Mehmet Ali, behaves like an independent sovereign and obtains that his/her son succeeds to him, which constitutes a precedent. France seizes the Algérie. The Empire faces the expansion of Russia only because the the United Kingdom and the France protect it, in particular during the Crimean War.

With the turning of the century, the Empire finishes losing the Balkans, except a small territory in Eastern Thrace where its capital is located.

Dissolution

Dissolution in fact

In 1913, the defeat of the second Balkan war brings the Young person-Turks (Left Union and Progress) to the capacity.

In 1915, the core of the party organizes, under the command of the Minister of Interior Department Talaat Pasha, a policy of deportation and massacre against the Othoman Armenians, policy called Armenian genocide making between 1.000.000 and 1.500.000 died according to the majority of the historians, and 300.000 victims depending on the current Turkish State, which refuses the term “genocide” and rather prefers to speak about massacres (Talaat Pasha and the other persons in charge were however condemned by Turkish justice at the time). In fact, one considers that it is about the first genocide of the 20th century: two thirds of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire were exterminated without the western powers not intervening.

The First World War will complete its dismemberment; the Arab territories that it controls (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, Arabia) are placed by decision of the Société of the Nations under protectorate British and French (see Accord Sykes-Barb), the the Caucasus is lost.

Dissolution of right

In 1922, the Maréchal Mustafa Kemal Atatürk abolishes the Ottoman Empire and bases in 1923 on the territory remaining, the Anatolia and the Eastern Thrace, the modern Turkey or the Republic of Turkey, State successor of the Ottoman Empire. In 1924, it puts an end to the caliphate, last trace of the imperial institutions.

Organization

Provinces

See also: Provinces of the Ottoman Empire

Culture

See too

Internal bonds

External bonds

chart and history of the Ottoman Empire
Chart of the Ottoman Empire and Europe in the year 1600
/Ayavci

Random links:

Taschereau (provincial district) | Marv Wolfman | Rio Capivari (Santa Catarina) | Guettarda speciosa | Samy Naceri