Banksia ericifolia

Banksia ericifolia , the banksia with sheets of heather , known in Australia under the name of “Banksia lantern” ( Lantern Banksia ), is a Espèce of Arbrisseau of the family of the Protéacée S, originating in Australia.

One finds it in two zones distinct from the center and the north of the News-Wales of the South in the east of the Great Dividing Range. It is well-known there for its orange or red autumnal inflorescences, which contrast with its green foliage with narrow sheets evoking those of the heather; it generally has the port of a shrub or a shrub which can reach six meters in height and diameter, although it has generally only half of this size. In the exposed moors and the littoral areas it generally does not exceed one to two meters.

Banksia ericifolia is one of the original species of Banksia collected by Joseph Banks in the sector of Botany Bay in 1770 and was identified in 1782 by Linné the Young person, wire of Linné. The species was subdivided in two subspecies:

Banksia ericifolia subspecies ericifolia , of the area of Sydney,
Banksia ericifolia subspecies macrantha , of the area of Northern Rivers on the northern coast of News-Wales of the South, which was recognized in 1996.

Banksia ericifolia is a plant largely cultivated in the Australian Jardin S of the east coast since many years, also used, to a lesser extent, in fleuristery for the production of cut flowers. Cultivar S dwarves, such as Banksia “Little Eric”, became very popular these last years with the fashion of the small gardens.

Description

Banksia ericifolia form a large shrub which can reach six meters in height, but often smaller, approximately one to two meters, in the stations exposed such as the moors of the littoral or in mountain. Bark of the gray and smooth color and rather thin door of the Lenticel S; it can however thicken appreciably with the age.

The linear sheets dark green are small and narrow, of 9 with 20 mm length and 1 mm broad, generally presenting two small teeth to the top. The sheets very many and are laid out alternatively on the branches. The new growths generally appear in summer and are of a beautiful color lemon-yellow green.

Flowering takes place in autumn or winter in the freshest areas; the Inflorescence S are ear S of 7 with 22 cm in height and 5 cm broad approximately. Each flower makes up of a tubular Périanthe composed of four Tépale S welded, and a length style filamentous. Distinctive character of the taxonomic section in which the species is classified, the styles are in the shape of hook rather than right. The end of the styles is initially trapped in the upper part of the perianth, but is released at the time from the Anthèse, when the flowers open. Sometimes, certain feet can produce floral ears ramified starting from the same bud; the produced ears can be different sizes.

Taxonomy

The first specimens of Banksia ericifolia were collected with Botany Bay the April 29th 1770 by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, naturalists on board the Endeavor at the time of the first voyage of the lieutenant (who became captain later) James Cook in the Pacific Ocean. The publication of the species took place however only in April 1782, date on which Linné the Young person described the first four species of Banksia in its Supplementum Plantarum . Linné differentiated the species according to the form from the sheets and indicated them according to this criterion. Thus the species whose sheets pointed out those of the Bruyère (classified at the time in the kind Erica ) received the specific name ericaefolia , of Latin erica , the heather, and folium , the sheet. The binomial Nom of the species is consequently Banksia ericifolia L.f. .

The English botanist Richard Salisbury described this plant in 1796 under the name of Banksia phylicaefolia , name which was not retained thereafter. Whereas many species underwent much change taxonomic during the 200 following years, Banksia ericifolia as a concept of species remained unchanged until the septentrional form is published in 1996 like a distinct taxon, macrantha . Alf Salkin, botanist recent amateur, had noted these differences in its thesis and had given to this form the provisional name infraspecific, microphylla . It as raised of the differences in the populations of the blue Montagnes and thought as it was to on the whole exist three forms dictinctes, of which one could be an hybrid with Banksia spinulosa '' VAr. '' cunninghamii goal directly into '' Banksia '' subg. '' Banksia '' in Thiele' S arrangement based one cladistic analysis. Kevin Thiele additionally placed it in has subseries Ericifoliae ,

In 2005, Mast, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results off to their cladistic analyzes off DNA sequence dated for Banksia . They inferred has different Phylogeny markedly from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to Be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra . With full new taxonomic arrangement was not published At the time, goal early in 2007 Mast and Australian botanist Kevin Thiele initiated has rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia , and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped Cotyledon S; in this way they also redefined the Autonym '' B. '' subg. ''Banksia'' . They foreshadowed publishing has full arrangement complete ounce DNA sampling off Dryandra was; in the meantime, yew Mast and Thiele' S nomenclatural exchanges are taken ace year interim arrangement, then B. ericifolia is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae .

Hybrids with B. spinulosa '' VAr. '' spinulosa cuts been recorded in the wild, At Pigeon House Mountain in Morton National Park.

-->=== Subspecies === Two geographically dissociated forms are recognized:

Banksia ericifolia subsp. ericifolia : this standard form is in the basin of Sydney, in the south until the area of the Illawarra and in north until Collaroy, like in the blue Mountains. The sheets of the young seedlings have 2 with 6 teeth on each edge, while perianths, of 19 with 22 mm length, and pistils 30 with 35 mm length. Salkin noted that this subspecies often pushed in partnership with Banksia spinulosa VAr. cunninghamii and that certain seedlings had longer sheets summons 20 with 25 mm length at the whole edges, hemmed. It gave them the name of longifolia and supposed that they were hybrids, and sometimes one can see it in the plat bands and public parks of the city. It is known under the name of wadanggari in the local populations Darug and Eora of the basin of Sydney.

Distribution and habitat

In nature, the variety ericifolia meets on acid grounds derived from the sandstone, either in moors raised in a band of two kilometers along the littoral around the basin of Sydney, since Collaroy until Jervis Bay towards the south, or on sandstone grounds raised in mountainous areas such as the blue Montagnes or the Chaîne of Budawang. Among the other associated plants appear Leptospermum laevigatum ( Coast Tea-tree ) and of the species moreover small size such as Woollsia pungens . The inflorescences are a mark characteristic of the autumnal excursions in the sandy zones, such as the Kings Tableland walk in Blue Mountains, and the Jennifer Street Boardwalk with Little Bay and in the Royal National Park.

The septentrional subspecies macrantha is in two zones distinct on the coast in the extreme north from the News-Wales of the South; the first extends since Crowdy Bay on the Mid North Coast until the National park from Hat Head in north from Port Macquarie, and the second since the National park of Yuraygir until Kingscliff towards north, just in the south of the border of the Queensland. This variety is more strictly coastal, the majority of the settlements being with less than two kilometers of the coast has off 1978 studies found the Bush Rat ( Rattus fuscipes ) to bear broad amounts pollen from B. ericifolia and suggested the hooked styles may play has role in pollination by mammals. Other visitors recorded include the honeybee Apis mellifera . Additional species seen in The Banksia Atlas survey include White-eared Honeyeater ( Lichenostomus leucotis ), White-plumed Honeyeater ( Lichenostomus penicillatus ), Crescent Honeyeater ( Phylidonyris will pyrrhoptera ), Noisy Miner ( Manorina melanocephala ), and Friarbird ( Philemon spp.) for B.E. ericifolia and Brown Honeyeater ( Lichmera indistincta ), Tawny-crowned Honeyeater ( Phylidonyris melanops ) and Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike ( Coracina novaehollandiae ) for B.E. macrantha . The species lacks has Lignotuber, and so is killed by fire and regenerates from seed.

Banksia ericifolia depend one fire for regeneration; yew fires are too infrequent, populations edge become aging and eventually die out. However, too-frequent fires also threaten this species, which takes around 6 years to reach maturity and flower. One optimum study estimated year fire interval time off 15– 30 years. For has big part off its distribution Banksia ericifolia grows near areas off human dwelling one Australia' S eastern coastline. Bushland near urban areas is subject to both Arson and prescribed burn S, drastically reducing fire intervals and resulting in the disappearance off the species from nap areas. The hotter has fire the more quickly seed is released; timing off rains afterwards is also critical for seedling survival.

Cultivation

Historically, Banksia ericifolia was introduced into cultivation in England in 1788, and was mentioned (ace B. ericaefolia ) in volume 6 off Curtis' S Botanical Magazine where it was described ace, " … handsome shrub has, thrives freely, and has flowered in several collections". Year illustration was drawn off one growing in Vauxhall, has suburb off south London, in 1802.

Banksia ericifolia inflorescences attract has variety off birds to the garden. Tough enough to Be used ace has off street seedling in shares Sydney, B. ericifolia has fairly easy seedling to grow in the conditions it likes, namely has Sandy, well drained soil, sunny aspect, and extra toilets over dryer periods until established, which may take up to two years, ace it comes from year area with rainfall in predominantly warmer months. Resistant It is to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback, like most eastern banksias. Ace it grows naturally one acid soils, Banksia ericifolia is particularly sensitive to iron deficiency. Known ace Chlorosis, this problem manifests ace yellowing off new leaves with safeguarding off green veins; it edge occur one seedlings grown in soils off high pH. This edge happen especially where soil contains quantities off cement, either ace landfill gold building foundations, and edge Be treated with iron chelate gold sulfate.

Flowering may take nap years from seed; minimum off furnace years is average has. Buying year advanced seedling may hasten this process, ace will getting has cutting - grown seedling. Banksia ericifolia edge Be propagated easily by seed, and is one off the (relatively) easier banksias to propagate by cutting. Named cultivars are by necessity propagated by cuttings ace this ensures that the seedling produced bears the same attributes ace the original seedling.

Regular important Pruning is to give the seedling year gravitational dress and prevent it from becoming leggy. Hardware-pruning below green growth is not advisable with this banksia: ace it lacks has lignotuber, it does not cuts sleeping buds below the bark that respond to pruning gold fire and is hence unable to sprout from old Wood ace readily ace commonly cultivated lignotuberous species such ace B. spinulosa and B. robur . For many years the horticulture industry focussed one registered selections off Banksia spinulosa , goal since the late 1990s more and more cultivars off Banksia ericifolia cuts like one the market, including color variable and dwarf forms. This is especially important ace the original seedling may reach has size off 5 measured in height, and hence helps enthusiasts choose has seedling that is right for to their conditions and tastes. Banksia ericifolia is also grown for the cut flower industry in Australia, though not to the dismantles that the western Australian species such ace B. coccinea and B. menziesii are.

Cultivars

There are has off number commercial varieties available from Australian retail nurseries, however nun cuts yet been registered under Plant breeders' rights legislation, and only one with the Australian Cultivar Registration Authority. The lack off official names has led to different nap varieties bearing several names.

Banksia ericifolia `Bronzed Aussie' has white-budded terminal-flowering form to 2 m with bronzed foliage; the inflorescences cuts honey-coloured pistils. It has been propagated by Victorian nurseryman Rod Parsons off Carawah Nursery in Hoddles Creek. With new release in 2003, its source is unknown; seed had been given to Rod' S father by SGAP member many years ago.
Banksia ericifolia `Red Rover' has dwarf cultivar reaching 1.8 m (6 ft) with off has more open dress than other forms similar size. This form has file green foliage and scarlet-red flowers and was propagated by Rod Parsons off Carawah Nursery from has garden selection and released in 2004.
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