The Austria-Hungary is the name of the country of Europe Central, controlled by a double Monarchie (Empire of Austria, and Kingdom of Hungary) of 1867 with 1918, created in the place of the Empire of Austria to deal with nationalist agitation shaking different the minority S from the Empire and to satisfy the Hungarian nobility, at the time of the Compromis Austro-Hungarian (in German: Ausgleich ).

In 1867, François-Joseph {{Ier}}, emperor of Austria, is crowned king de Hongrie. Autocrat, it maintains the cohesion of the multinational State thanks to the nobility, with the Catholic church, the army and the Bureaucratie.

The Double Monarchy is an expression which Austria-Hungary had into clean. The eagle with two heads is a Symbole quite former to the constitution of this double monarchy but which was appropriate to him perfectly. One employs also the expression Danubian Monarchie .

The reigning house of the Habsbourg, whose members had the title of Archiduc, was sometimes described as Archi-House ( Erzhaus ).

The two parts of the Empire were separated by an affluent from the the Danube, the Leitha, the Austrian part is the Cisleithanie ( in-on this side Leitha ), and the Hungarian part the Transleithanie ( beyond Leitha ).

Austria-Hungary did not survive its defeat of the First World War, and was dismantled by the Traité Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer.

History

See also: Chronology of the empire Austro-Hungarian

Birth of the Empire

Austria-Hungary in 1914 is a political unit built by a dynasty which has several centuries of history.

Habsbourg

See also: Habsbourg

The dynasty of the Habsbourg takes to birth at the 10th century with Gontran the Rich person, count d' Alsace and of Argau, the current canton of Argovie in Suisse.

Gontran the Rich person (920 - 973) is the son of Hugues Ier (940), count of Alsace and various other territories, of which the Argovie, heir to the first dynasty of Lorraine, going up at the 4th century, until Hortar, duke of the Alamans, deceased in 350.

10th century at the 13th century the Habsbourg were confined in their possessions of High Alsace and Suisse. They are only of large lords under the suzerainty of more powerful, like the king of France or the emperor of the Saint Empire Romain Germanique.

In 1273, Rodolphe I {{er}}, count of Alsace, is elected King of the Romans: it is sufficiently powerful to be worthy of the election but not enough to carry shades to the other German dynasties, such as Welf, Wettin and the Hohenstaufen, which share usually imperial dignity.

Acquisition of the duchy of Austria

In 1282, it persuades the Voters to ratify the transfer of the duchy of Austria, left free by the extinction of the dynasty of the Babenberg and that of Styrie to his/her son Albert.

It is the beginning of the presence of Habsbourg in Austria.

Archduchy of Austria
The title of Archiduc of Austria is created for Rodolphe IV (1339 - 1365) in 1363.

Consequently the dynasty of the Habsbourg increases its territorial and political power by a series of society weddings, justifying the currency Alii bleated manager, you Felix Austria nubes (“the others do the war, you, happy Austria, you marry”).

First meeting of Austria and Hungary - 1437-1457

In 1421, Sigismond I {{er}}, emperor, king of Bohemia and Hungary, gives his/her only daughter, Elisabeth, in marriage with Albert V (1397 - 1439), duke of Austria, then Empereur. Albert is thus duke of Austria, king de Bohême and of Hungary of 1437 to his death in 1439.

Albert and Elisabeth have only girls. If the imperial crown falls to his/her cousin, Frederic de Habsbourg, the grounds go to his/her posthumous son Ladislas I {{er}} (without mentioning the short interregnum of Ladislas III Jagellon on Hungary between 1439-1444).

Ladislas Ier dies adolescent, the duchy of Austria returns to Frederic III, the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary leave the house of Habsbourg.

Dynastic Acquistion of the kingdom of Hungary

Maximilien I {{er}}, with which one owes the currency AEIOU ( Austria Is Imperare Orbi Universo , “it is up to Austria to reign on the world”) succeeds in concluding from the marriages for its descendants.

It Marie her only son, Philippe with Jeanne, future queen of Castille and Aragon, single heiress of the kingdom of Spain.

It Marie her grandson Ferdinand, second wire of Philippe and Jeanne, with Anne Jagellon heiress of the Bohemia and the Hungary.

In 1519, the Maximilien Emperor leaves for heirs its first grandson, Charles Quint, emperor of the Saint Worsens, archduke of Austria, king d' Espagne, duke of Burgundy, sovereign of the Netherlands, its second grandson, Ferdinand is, for its part, king of Bohemia and Hungary.

Charles Quint, in 1521 it entrusts the administration of the Austrian duchies to his/her Ferdinand brother. At the time of its abdication in 1556, Charles Quint divides his empire into two: the Spanish part, including the Netherlands falls to his/her son Philippe II and the German part, including the rights to the Empire, with its brother Ferdinand. The Habsbourg were divided then into two branches: The Habsbourg of Spain and the Habsbourg of Austria , linked by multiple marriages between blood relations.

The crowns girded by Habsbourg, that of the Saint Worsens, of Hungary, of Bohemia are thus joined together under the dynasty of Habsbourg of Austria.

The enlarging of the possessions Habsbourg was done by various military conquests, primarily during the following centuries.

Under the reign of Léopold I {{er}} (1640 - 1705), the Othoman besiege Vienna. Following their defeat, the Treated of Karlowitz, in 1699, grants to the Habsbourg the Croatia and of the territories of the east of the Hungary.

In 1700, the Habsbourg last of Spain, Charles II of Spain dies without heir. Following the Traités of Utrecht (1713) Spain passes then to the Bourbon Philippe V of Spain, grandson of Louis XIV, Habsbourg of Austria, as for them, recover the Netherlands and the Royaume of Sicily.

The Pragmatic Sanction

At the beginning of the 18th century, Habsbourg are in a difficult dynastic situation. Like their Spanish cousin, the two wire of Léopold Ier, Joseph (1678 - 1711) and Charles (1685 - 1740) do not have a male heir. To died of Joseph I {{er}}, the crowns fall to his/her younger brother, Charles VI.

Charles VI has two girls, Marie-Therese and Marie-Anne. Its concern is to organize a dynastic succession with the profit of the elder one. By the Pragmatic Sanction, in 1713, it is decided at the same time the indéfectible union of the crowns of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, and their devolution with his heir whatever is the sex.

This agreement signed by all the great states of the time did not regulate however the problems of the Imperial Crown of the Saint Empire, on the devolution of which, Charles VI does not have any capacity, since it is theoretically elective and that a woman with the head of the Saint Empire is “never considering”. With died of his/her father in 1740, Marie-Therese sees her heritage immediately disputed by all the other sovereigns.

Habsbourg-Lorraine

In 1736, it had married François I {{er}}, duke of Lorraine. The dynasty takes the name of Habsbourg-Lorraine then. Under the pressure of the king of France which fears to see too much the Habsbourg close to its territory, it had been necessary that the duke of Lorraine renonçât with his duchy with the profit of the France. In compensation, it receives the duchy of Tuscany, where the last Médicis, Jean Gaston had just died without heir. The Tuscan , although Sovereign state, was then regarded as part of the Heritage Habsbourg, and this until in 1860, date of its annexation by new the Royaume of Italy.

But Marie-Therese gained the War of succession of Austria and could reign until in 1780, by organizing in a remarkable way the unit of its states.

In 1765, with died of his/her father, François I {{er}} of Lorraine, Joseph (1741 - 1790) was elected emperor, whereas his/her mother remained " roi" of Bohemia and Hungary. They ensured the direction of the businesses together.

In 1772, it annexed the Galicie, left south-Eastern the Poland, after its first division. It had been let involve in this war, unjustifiable, by Frederic II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia.

With died Marie-Therese, Joseph II inherited a healthy financial position and of a better organized army than had never known it the heterogeneous empire.

Joseph II, sovereign lit, eager of the happiness of his people, according to the rationalist design of the 18th century, wanted to reorganize the empire in more centralized form. He imposed the German language like single language of administration, by preoccupation with an effectiveness, which ran up against various nationalities of the Empire. He also attacked the capacity of the Church and could organize a free public school, open to all, the first in Europe, who functioned perfectly and could create the elites of monarchy until in 1918. It allowed in particular the social rise of the popular classes throughout the 19th century.

With its death, without child, his brother Léopold II (1747 - 1792), hitherto large-duke of Tuscany by heritage of his/her father - where it left an administrative work still admired today - went up on the throne for one short period.

His/her son, François (1768 - 1835), had to carry out as from 1792, the war against the revolutionists. He gained the Lombardy there and the Venezia in Italy of north but lost the Belgium there, by the treaties of Campoformio in 1797 and of Lunéville in 1801.

End of the Saint Worsens and creation of the Empire of Austria

Napoleon I {{er}} proclaims the end of the Saint Empire Romain Germanique, by creating new kingdoms and principalities, like the Bavaria, the Wurtemberg, the Saxony, the Hesse, the Grand-Duchy of Bade and well of others. François II, of last Roman Emperor, became the first Emperor of Austria under the name of François I {{er}}, in 1804.

The Congrès of Vienna in 1814 devotes this state of affairs. In Germany, the Germanic Confédération is created, whose Emperor of Austria assumes the chairmanship which is quickly disputed to him by the Prussia.

The territories of the Empire of François I {{er}} include/understand nearly 900.000 square kilometers distributed on:

His/her brother, Ferdinand, reigned in Toscane, his influence on the kingdoms of Spain and of Naples was major.

With its death in 1835, it leaves a stable political situation seemingly that the rise of nationalisms, resulting from the ideas of the French revolution, will upset. His/her son Ferdinand I {{er}}, although weak of spirit, goes up on the throne, constant by the chancellor Metternich who sees in the person of the monarch not an individual but a principle to which nothing was to derogate.

The Printemps of the People of 1848 sees the Kingdom of Hungary revolting again against the oppression of Habsbourg. These people disputed unceasingly between two dictatorships: that of Habsbourg and that of the Othomans intends from now on to even control him. The revolt becomes extensive, the Hungarians are victorious but, under the terms of the Holy Alliance, the Austrians call upon the Russian troops which crush in blood the start of the Hungarians. In Vienna, the revolution also thunders and the events of Vienna and Budapest oblige the leaders habsbourgeois, after the escape of Metternich, with a constitutional change. The Archduchess Sophie (1805 - 1872), the Empress dowager, Augusta, half-sister of Sophie, and marry it of Ferdinand, born Marie-Anne of Savoy, decide, in what it is agreed to call young person the “Plot of the ladies”, that it was necessary to give to the Empire Austria a new sovereign. François-Joseph, wire of the Archduke François-Charles of Austria (1802 - 1878) and of the Sophie Archduchess, nephew and legitimate heir to Ferdinand Ier, assembled on the throne in 1849, after the adbication of this last and the renunciation of his/her father.

Austria-Hungary

This accession was not however allowed by all the Hungarians who regard Ferdinand Ier as their sovereign until in 1867, date of the compromise by which the empire of Austria became in a double monarchy (imperial and royal) gathering the Empire of Austria and the Royaume of Hungary.

The Austro-Hungarian agreement rebalanced the role of the Hungary (Transleithanie) within the Empire of Austria (Cisleithanie) by giving rise to the double monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The introduction of dualism put a crushing argument at the federalistic projects or “trialists”, the latter preaching the introduction of a third entity for the Slavic ones of the South. The Croatia was abandoned with the Hungary, but not the Dalmatie, Mediterranean frontage of the empire, which remained Austrian, Vienna fearing to see being reinforced the Hungarian part of monarchy.

François-Joseph could not maintain the integrality of its heritage. The preeminence of the House of Austria in Germany was disputed by the Prussia, which following the Business of the Duchies and the defeat of Sadowa, put an end to it. The creation of the German Empire, following the defeat of the France to Sedan, devoted the first place of the Hohenzollern in Germany. The Italian unit, carried out by Victor-Emmanuel II, Cavour and Garibaldi, with the assistance of Napoleon III, put an end, following the Bataille of Solferino in 1859, with the Austrian presence in Italy of North (except for the the Tyrol of the South and Trieste). Having given up any idea of expansion in the south and the west, François-Joseph was seen allotting by the Traité of Berlin in 1878 the administration of the Bosnia-Herzégovine, become autonomous by the Traité of San Stefano. It annexed this territory in 1908, last Habsbourg annexation, in spite of the opposition of the Russia and the France. The Slavic policy of François-Joseph opposed the aimings Russian Empire in the Balkans in the dismemberment under consideration of the Ottoman Empire. Their reciprocal ambitions were one of the causes of the First World War.

Organization in 1910

Source: Great Bong Geography Illustrated, Volume II, Onésime Recluse, 1912.

The Empire of Austria-Hungary is the second of Europe in Superficie. It is formed of the empire of Austria, the kingdom of Hungary and Bosnia-Herzégovine which is attached neither to Austria, nor in Hungary.

Empire of Austria

The Empire of Austria has a surface of 300.193 km ² for a population of 28.567.898 inhabitants (census of 1910). It consists of 17 provinces:

The Kingdom of Hungary

The kingdom of Hungary has a surface of 324.857 km ² and a population of 20.840.678 inhabitants. It is made up:

  • of Hungary itself (282 323 km ²),
  • of the Croatia-Slavonia (still called Croatia-Esclavonie), with for capital Agram (or Zagreb), 42.534 km ².
  • and of the territory of Fiume (20 km ²).

Bosnia-Herzégovine

Bosnia-Herzégovine has a surface of 51.199 km ² and a population of 1.898.044 inhabitants. She consists of two provinces:

  • Bosnia, capital Sarajevo
  • Herzégovine, capital Mostar

The empire of Austria-Hungary included/understood into 1914 the following areas (presented here with their approximate current locations and their date of fastening to the empire):

Various nationalities

Nationalities (being defined then at the time of the censuses by the declaration of use of the language) are distributed as follows:

  • the Germans are 9 million in Austria and 2 million in Hungary. They form a compact mass in the zone of current Austria, encircle the Bohemia on three sides (south-western, north-western and north-eastern). A certain number are scattered in other areas (towns of Moravie and Slovakia, Transylvania, Bukovine in particular).

  • the Magyars (or Hungarian) are 8.700.000. They are distributed on two zones distant one from the other; the first forms current Hungary more or less, second is located on the oriental party of Transylvania.
  • Czech and Slovak: 8.500.000 hab.
    • Polish
  • : 5.000.000 hab.
  • Ruthènes (Rusyns) and Ruthènes Galician (Ukrainian): 4.000.000 hab.
  • Croatian and Serb: 5.500.000 Slovenien hab.
  • : 1.350.000 hab.
  • Rumanian: 3.200.000 hab.

There then exist fourteen official languages in the Empire, as well as many linguistic sub-groups. And if the German is the language of the command, the officers must be able to speak the major languages in order to be included/understood their men. If the Empire habsbourgeois knew an economic advancement related to the industrial revolution (Vienna is then a very prosperous economic capital) and an animated intellectual life, it could not however escape the problem arising from the heterogeneity from its populations, which carried the Empire at the time of the defeat of 1918 vis-a-vis the Allies.

Dismemberment of the Empire

The last sovereign of Austria-Hungary was Charles Ier of Austria. Assembled on the throne the November 22nd 1916 with died of its great-uncle François-Joseph, it tried with his wife Zita of Bourbon-Parma the ways of peace near the France. The negotiation started in spring 1917 with the French government, chaired then by Aristide Briand via Xavier and Sixth of Bourbon, brothers of the Zita empress, does not succeed.

Dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian empire, after the end of the war, in 1918 - 1919 leads to the creation of new States in the center of Europe, and a division of the territory of the old empire of Austria-Hungary - divided by eight - between new countries:

Certain territories were annexed by the Romania (Transylvania and Bucovine) and the Italy (the Tyrol of the South, Istrie). These new and old countries are called the States successors of Austria-Hungary. One calls revisionism the attitude of the independent Hungary which claimed the return of its old borders, as well as Hungarians incorporated in the new states successors. The Treaty of Trianon is badly lived still today in the Hungarian company.

The Habsbourg caused, mainly in Bohemia, a rejection, as of the years 1910, in part of the political community of good number of the country preferring the idea of nation like source of sovereignty, resulting from the French revolution, with the idea of a supranational empire whose sovereignty was incarnated in a dynasty, the Habsbourg. It should be noted that this rejection taken forever the form of a bloody revolution as in France or Russia, and forever been the subject of a popular consultation as during fastening of Nice and of the Savoy to the France in 1860, or at the time of the proclamation of the Italian Republic in 1945. The principle of national sovereignty had already been expressed at the time of the revolutions of 1848, said Spring of the People.

The return to the old order forever under consideration after the signature of the treaties. It was made besides impossible by the application of the aforesaid treaties, having force of international law higher than the national law.

The nostalgia of the time habsbourgeoise is however recurring in the major literature of the 20th century of Joseph Roth with Stefan Zweig, cantors of the imperial and royal period.

Company

Of the 49,425 million Austro-Hungarian in 1905, the inhabitants stated to belong to following nationalities:

It should be noted that the declaration of membership of a nationality was not the expression of a political claim, nor of any sovereignty, but the use of the language. Nobody until in 1918 disputed the Habsbourg, sovereigns legitimate of the States on which they reigned, in the respect of the languages, the cultures and the religions of each one of them - and in particular of the Jews recognized like subjects with whole share, profiting from the sympathy of the Emperor François-Joseph.

Austro-Hungarian dualism, resulting from the Compromise of 1867, singularly complicated the situation by giving to the Hungarians the capacity to block any constitutional modification and any political evolution of the Empire. Solicited to create a trialism while giving to Slavic equal share, François-Joseph moved back on several occasions. He felt dependant by his oath of the sacring of Budapest, like was then his Charles heir, to respect the grounds of the Crown of Saint-Etienne, leaving as important people, within Monarchy, as the Slovak ones or the Croats out of the Hungarian parliamentary representation. It had been advisable to create a third Slavic force. But the Hungarians refused there for their part of Monarchy, because they feared to see escaping their influence from the whole shares from the territory like the Slovakia, the Croatia, the Transylvania or the subcarpatic Ruthénie - all areas now lost for Hungary In the Austrian part, the fear of seeing the Slavic ones increasing their influence in the company with the costs of the German culture was also a brake with the acceptance of the transformation of dualism into trialism.

The economic situations and social were very different between the Austria and the Hungary. The Austria, with a middle-class activates and a growth rate of 1,45% before 1914 - equivalent with that of the Germany - approached the states of the Western Europe, the great nobility not having hesitated to invest in the industrial companies. The vote was universal there since 1907 and all nationalities proportionnelment were proportionnelment represented at the Parliament of Vienna. A system of Social Security had been created with the profit of the workers. The Hungary, on its side, remained feudal in its structure - a third of the ground belonging to 4000 individuals. The political life was primarily reserved for the Magyars, which with 48% of the population of the Hungary occupied 407 of the 413 seats at the Parliament of Budapest. In the two parts of Monarchy the nobility preserved a real influence, because of the vastness of the grounds had by it and of its presence in the important administration and with the government. François-Joseph, however, did not hesitate to allot the nobility to the upper middle class, in particular Jewish, in recognition its merits. It would be unjust to say that Austria-Hungary was an uneven country in its totality. The situation of the minorities was not the same one in Austria and Hungary. The Slavic , in particular, took an active part in the political life of the Empire in Austria - the Polish club at the Parliament of Vienna often making vary the majorities, with the liking of its interests. Buckets and Hugh Seton-Watson, journalist English burning defender with Lord Northcliffe of Czech independence, recognized that the Czechs had political freedom before the war. In Hungary, on the other hand, the Slaves did not have any real political right, owing to possible lack of representation pursuant to the electoral system.

In term of company, with the State most uneven of Europe, the Austro-Hungarian company, feudal, rested on an extremely narrow social base making the too beautiful share with the nobility, and the clergy which of it resulted. In 1914, for example, less than 1% of the population had 40% of the surface of the territory. Moreover, this social inequality doubled of an ethnic inequality. For all these reasons, the people which underwent Austro-Hungarian oppression - sometimes since centuries - saw with happiness this Empire to crumble. None the States successors, even at the most disturbed times wished that this company reappear privileging by too the privileged people. One can quote in this respect the word of Czechoslovakian president Benes who, in the inter-war period said: “Rather Hitler that Habsbourg”

Alliances

The German Empire and Austria-Hungary constituted the central Empires . The Germany and Austria-Hungary had constituted an alliance under the name of Duplice ( Zweibund ) which became the Triplice ( Dreibund ) or Triple Alliance when the Italy joined alliance. However, the Italy had subscribed to this alliance only in the optics of a defensive alliance: alliance was to function only insofar as one of the signatories would have been attacked. As it is not what occurred in 1914 - since in fact Austria-Hungary declared the war with the Serbia - the Italy will finally choose to enter in war to the side of the Western Allies in 1915, by signing a treaty with the secret clauses of attribution of the the Tyrol of the South, Trentin, of Trieste and Dalmatie in the event of defeat of the Austria.

List emperors of Austria

Emperors of Austria

Emperors of Austria and kings de Hongrie

  • 1867 - 1916: François-Joseph I {{er}}, married with the Empress Sissi.

  • 1916 - 1918: Charles I {{er}} emperor of Austria or Charles IV as king of Hungary, married with the Empress Zita

Culture

For the writer of German language Robert Musil (in his novel the Man without qualities ), which had to be an officer in the army “cacanienne”, Austria-Hungary was the Cacanie , of the prefix affixed everywhere K. und K.: Kaiserlich und Königlich (" imperial and royal").

The exact terminology seems to have been the following one:

  1. “imperial and royal” for the common services (army, finances, diplomacy): the KuK Marine was the navy
  2. “imperial-royal” for the services suitable for Cisleithanie: the sovereign was there emperor of Austria but also “royal” king de Bohême
  3. for the services suitable for Transleithanie where the sovereign reigned as king de Hongrie.

The powerful cultural radiation of monarchy habsbourgeoise at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, was stimulated in particular by its multinational richness and the dynamism of its Jewish minority: Broch, Freud, Kraus, Mahler, Popper, Roth, Schnitzler, Schönberg, Weininger and Zweig of it resulted. Vienna was perhaps the capital of modernity. Its influence extended throughout the 20th century in the field from arts, painting, architecture, music, literature and the medical field, with the psychoanalytical school, which revolutionized the perception of the world.

It should be noted, that in spite of an unquestionable conservatism, the Court of Vienna and in particular the Emperor François-Joseph, always supported the contemporary artists and the group Sécession, by the official order. Thus, between others, Otto Wagner took part in the construction of the subway of Vienna, by carrying out various its stations, carried out the building of the Savings bank and of the Post office and Gustav Klimt lives itself to entrust the fresco of the hall of Kunsthistorisches Museum to Vienna, like those of the Hermes Villa offered by François-Joseph to his Elisabeth wife, said Sissi, like deprived residence with Vienna.

The revolutionary ideas of the artists Viennese at the beginning of the 20th century did not apply to in no case with the dispute of the political and social order organized by the dynasty of the Habsbourg, whose supranationality was appropriate for their dispute of the historicism resulting from the nationalist movements of the revolution of 1848. None of between them claimed nationalities from which they resulted. The double monarchy, incarnated by the dynasty, by its absence of referring national, was their place of expression, assigning with art another mission that policy.

It is agreed to today see this period like the decline of a company. It is not in term of decline that the artists Viennese spoke about themselves but rather in term about revival, while being opposed to the tastes and the diktats of quasi official artists like the painter Hans Makart " Rubens viennois" or the Grillparzer writer, cantor of the Bidermeier time. If the construction of the Opera and the Boxing ring with Vienna had devoted the taste of the pastiche in the years 1870, the construction and the decoration of the Subway, the Savings bank and the Post office and good of other public edifices or deprived could give its bases to the even futuristic contemporary architecture.

The Vienna of the Habsbourg was in 1914 the headlight of modernity and it is in the supranational Empire of which it was the capital that the artists expressed themselves with complete freedom who founded it.

Random links:Canton of Lined | Gerard Prémel | Climbing on block | Laure Surville | Habitaction