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Creation of the city

At the end of the 7th century, a vault called Saint-Michel would be drawn up with hillside. It became the Cathédrale Saint-Michel-and-Gudule. At the time, the place is named Bruocsela (in Germanic Langue “bruoc” indicates the marsh and “salted” the room or the house), but one questioned that this Toponyme can be related to the village of Brussels.

Of other etymologists thinks that the name derives from “brug”, which indicate the bridge in Germanic language, and “Zenne”, of the Germanic name of the Senne, the river which sprinkles Brussels.

Of others still calls in question this etymology of franque origin, alleging that the place of habitat corresponding to the primitive parish of Brussels is the Mountain Saint-Michel, as the archaeological discoveries and the rule show it which wants that a population does not settle in an easily flooded and unhealthy plain. At the time where Charles of France his legendary Castrum in the marsh would have installed, it would have been impossible that it calls it itself “Broek-Salted” because the old francique one was not already any more use, moreover the names derived from " sala" have one " l". It would be thus possible that the name of the village located on the heights and who, so can not have the direction of “marsh”, that is to say of Celtic origin, the place having been inhabited before the Francs, and has the same etymology as the city de Gaulle cisalpine “Brixellum”, current the Brescello, and derives from “briga” (height) and “concealed” (the temple), i.e. the temple on the height , as it is besides always the case of the Holy-Gudule cathedral.

Traditional historiography places the date of foundation of Brussels in 979 but no written or archaeological source to date made it possible to corroborate this date. According to the Holy-Gudule Life of (written in the abbey of Lobbes between 1047 and 1053) the duke Charles of Low-Lotharingie organizes the translation of the relics of holy towards the Saint-Gery church, which was located on a small island formed by the Senne and surrounded by marshes. In 1047, the name of Brussels appears for the first time in a Charte at the time of the holy foundation of the chapter of Gudule) by the count Lambert II of Leuwen (+1054) and his wife Oda de Verdun. In 1073 already, one should restore this foundation, whose a Diplôme testifies to the bishop of Cambrai.
About 1100 the count of Leuwen builds a residence strengthened on the locality Coudenberg (site of current the place Royale). Here will be then built the castles of the dukes of the Brabant (13th century) and their successors, the Ducs of Burgundy (as from 1430), Charles Quint and the archdukes Albert and Isabelle (16th century), until current monarchy (see the article on the Ancien Palate of Coudenberg).

Brussels, town of trade brabançonne

At the beginning of the 12th century, the trade becomes an main actor in Western Europe. The commercial centers become quickly of powerful cities, thanks to the rivers and channels of the area. Cologne, Leuwen, Ghent, Ypres, Antwerp and Bruges becomes the pivots commercial of the Textile S of the the North Sea, initially especially towards the Germany, later also towards the France, the Italy and the England. Thanks to its craftsmen and with his port on the Seine, Brussels becomes an important commercial crossroads. Imposing buildings show its power, like the Holy-Gudule collegial , built starting from 1225.

The two following centuries see Brussels growing rich. The trade specializes in the beautiful fabrics which one exports towards the markets of France, Italy and England. Brussels develops within the the Brabant which, contrary to the Comté of Flanders, was not Fief of king de France but was incorporated in the Germanic Empire since 923. As of 1183, the emperor set up the Brabant in duchy. Henri I {{er}} (1190-1235), count de Bruxelles and of Leuwen and first Duke of the Brabant, undertakes the construction of the First enclosure of Brussels, long of 4 kilometers, which includes the Saint-Gery island and the first port of Senne, the place of the market which will become the Grand-Place of Brussels, the chapter of Holy-Gudule and the Château of Coudenberg.

Contrary to the situation of the County of Flanders, which sees the craftsmen being opposed to their suzerain, the king of France, and beating of it the Chevalerie at the time of the Bataille of the gold spurs (Courtrai, 1302), the relations between the brabançonnes cities and their suzerains, the duke of the Brabant and the Germanic Roman Emperor, are excellent. The cities quickly receive privileges and freedoms and finance the ducal policy freely (Brussels receives a keure in 1229).

Preponderance of famous “the Chalk-linings of Brussels”

Administration of the east cities to the hands of the patricians. In Brussels, they are grouped in seven chalk-linings privileged, which draw aside the craftsmen of administrative management and the offices public, with some exceptions. These privileges of the seven “Lignages of Brussels” will be confirmed by the duke in a charter of 1306.

Thus, until the end of the Old Mode, the first burgomaster and the seven alderman S must obligatorily form part of it. The nine “Nations”, gathering the Seniors of the Trades, take part in the capacity only starting from second half of the 14th century and in the 15th century. Starting from the revolution of 1421, the Eights of Gilde Drapière will be selected for half among the seven Lignages of Brussels and the Nations.

At the 14th century, the range of the authority of the suzerain fits in various charters. This process culminates in the signature of the “Joyeuse Entry” in 1356, year when the Inhabitants of Brussels, led by Everard you Serclaes, pared the count de Flandre Louis de Male out of Brussels at the time of the War of succession Brabançonne. This document organizes the division of the capacity between the duke and the representatives of the people, the States of the Brabant. Three social classes are represented: the Nobility, the Clergy and the Third state. The suzerain cannot declare the war, conclude from the treaties, devaluate the currency or establish taxes without the authorization of the States of the Brabant.

In 1355, after the death of the duke Jean III of the Brabant, Brussels failed to return the weapons in front of the attack of the count de Flandre who disputes with the duchess Jeanne of the Brabant the succession of his father, of which he married itself another of his daughters. The city, once taken again by the Inhabitants of Brussels and Brabançons, feels with narrow and badly protected in its ramparts. The construction of the second enclosure begins in 1357 and finishes in 1379.

Burgundian period with that of Habsbourg

At the 15th century the appointment of the first middle-class burgomaster and his advisers takes place, representing the people for the first time. The town hall east builds in 1420.

In 1430, the Duc of Burgundy Philippe the Good inherits the Brabant. It authorizes the deepening and the widening of the Seine to facilitate the trade. Brussels becomes then a capital of the Burgundian Netherlands. It is essential then like administrative and cultural center, famous for the architecture of its churches, its palate and its trade of craft industry of luxury. In 1477, Marie of Burgundy wife Maximilien of Austria. She dies in 1482, leaving her husband and the dynasty of Habsbourg to control the Brabant.

In 1488 Brussels knows a cruel civil war and during the summer of 1489, an epidemic of Peste.

With died of Maximilien, his/her daughter, Marguerite of Austria (1480-1530), become general governor of the Netherlands in 1507 and move the capital with Malines, where it raises her nephew, the future emperor Charles Quint.

Spanish domination, then Austrian

In 1515, the archduke Charles of Austria, wire of Philippe the Beautiful, becomes at 15 years sovereign of Burgundy and, at 16 years, inherits the throne of Spain. 1516 mark the beginning of the Spanish domination on all the area. Born with Ghent, become the emperor Charles Quint following his Maximilien grandfather, it supports the Netherlands: it restores Brussels like capital, seat of the General states of the Netherlands and of the three councils of the government, it rejoins the Netherlands with the Austria. Brussels shelters for the first time a court and emerges quickly like the most powerful brabançonne city, exceeding its rivals Leuwen, Malines and Antwerp. Brussels flowers and becomes a big city of artists and scientists (Vésale, Mercator). But Philippe II of Spain succeeds Charles Quint, who abdicates in 1555, and starts the revolt of the Netherlands in a context of wars of religion. The pile cluster makes reign terror.

Under the archdukes Albert and Isabelle at the 17th century, the city finds its prosperity. Brussels takes part in the Union of Utrecht (1579). It will be a republic autonomous calvinist of 1577 until March 1585, before being begun again definitively by the Spaniards. It is the seat of the government of the Spanish Netherlands, then Austrian.

The August 13rd 1695, the French Army of the marshal of Villeroy bombards Brussels for the account of Louis XIV, shaving the Grand-Place and most of the city (from 3830 to 5000 buildings according to the sources). The close cities react at once by sending vivres and help.

The rebuilding of the Town square in fact consequently one of the most beautiful places of Europe. The Royal place and the place Saint-Michel are then arranged by the Austrian governors. In 1700, one inaugurates the Théâtre on Monnoye that the governor Maximilien-Emmanuel of Bavaria made set up on the site of the old mint.

In 1731, a fire is declared with the ducal palate. In 1746, the French troops of the marshal of Saxony occupy Brussels until in 1749. This year, after the return of the Austrians, Charles, duke of Lorraine, general governor of the Netherlands, makes a triumphal entry in the city. It remains on the throne until its death in 1780.

The fight for independence

The Révolution brabançonne of 1789 is started by the removal of the charter of the the Brabant by the emperor Joseph II. The people thundered already since 1787. The independence of the State-Belgium-Plain is of short duration. Of 1793 to the come to power of Napoleon Bonaparte in France, Brussels knows in alternation the domination of Austria and France.

The Tank of Brussels , the bond of frankness which links since links the city at the villages which surround it is abolished in a unilateral way in 1795 (14 fructidor year III) per decree of the Comité of public hello of the French Republic. The communes bordering on old the Ville of Brussels made up and are delimited during the following years.

Between 1794 and 1830, future Belgium belongs to a vaster entity: initially the France, then, after the defeat of Napoleon to Waterloo in 1815, following the Congress of Vienna, the the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. After 1815, Guillaume I {{er}} of Orange is named king of the Netherlands and king de Belgique . Brussels is, with $the Hague, the capital of the new country. The authoritative style of the new monarch generates dissatisfaction. In the night of the 24 with the August 25th 1830, the Belgians carry out to them Révolution. Brussels counts 100.000 inhabitants. The revolution begins in Brussels, during a representation of the Dumb woman of Portici to the Théâtre of the Currency, and gains the provinces quickly. The July 21st 1831, the king of the new independent nation is Léopold I {{er}} of Saxony-Cobourg. It carries the title of King of the Belgians .

The Belgian mode

In 1970 Brussels became the capital of the federal Belgium, an area surrounded by the Flemish area.

When, in 1830, Brussels becomes the capital of the independent Belgium, it attracts a new administrative population, while the industrialized suburbs know a great demographic thickening. Brussels accommodates also many French refugees and French-speaking people of the south of the countries, required to populate the administrations of this young State where the political power was with the hands of the French-speaking upper middle classes, whereas the majority of the Belgians speaks Dutch. A process of slow Francization of the popular masses gets under way at it, French being hitherto primarily the language of the court and the employers.

The November 20th 1834 is founded there the free University of Belgium, which will quickly become the Universit3e libre de Bruxelles.

Gigantic work confers on Brussels its statute of capital: construction of the royal Galleries Saint-Hubert (1846), Voûtement of the Seine (1867 - 1871), construction of the Law courts (1866 - 1883) and of the Park of the Fiftieth anniversary (1880). New districts are drawn and are the subject of a revolutionary town-planning. Under the impulse of Victor Horta, superb residences Art nouveau set up at the beginning of the 20th century. Brussels knows an important cultural repercussion then.

An international role

With the point of the Europe, Brussels is a multicultural and cosmopolitan city. Like the majority of Europe, Belgium passes from the economic Boom of the Années 1960 to the recession of the Années 1970 - 1980. During these decades, Brussels reinforces its role of capital of Europe. In 1958, it becomes the seat of the European Community. NATO settles with Evere in 1967. More than one thousand of international agencies have their head office today there. Brussels has the greatest number of diplomats after New York (12 000). More than 30% of the population of Brussels is foreign.

A new regional statute

The history of Belgium in the last half of the 20th century is dominated by the ceaseless linguistic debate between Dutch-speaking and French-speaking. Between 1970 and 1994, the Constitution is altered, creating a Federal state with three areas: the Flemish, Dutch-speaking Area; the Walloon region, French-speaking person and German-speaking; the Area of Brussels-Capital, bilingual. This modification also gives rise to three cultural communities: the the Flemish Community, the the French Community and the the German-speaking Community.

In 1989, Brussels receives the various specific institutions to its statute of area. Beyond with a simple agglomeration, it is since then equipped with a capacity of ordinances and its clean Parlement and Gouvernement, as of various specific institutions which deal with Community competences in the area:

the COCOF (French Commission Community), largely independent of the the Community French of Belgium and equipped with the capacity décrétal in the matters from which the exercise was transferred to him by the French Community as well as lawful capacity in the matters remained under supervision of the aforesaid the French Community
the VGC (Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie), depend on the Flemish government. It is equipped with a simple lawful capacity
the CCC-GGC (common Community Commission - Gemeenschapelijke Gemeenschapscommissie), qualified for the matters personnalisables which cannot be directly attached to the French Community or the Flemish Community. It is equipped with a lawful capacity only.

Brussels remains thus a bilingual area ensuring a protection of the linguistic minority Dutch-speaking.

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