Atlantis

302

345

  • the Concile of Carthage denounces the Prêt S with interest

1170

  • First participations of Italian merchants in the Foires of Champagne (6 annual fairs) which will remain the international primary market of Europe until the 14th century.

1241

  • Alliance between Hamburg and Lübeck, at the origin of the Hanseatic League

1274

  • IInd universal Concile of Lyon deprives of Christian burial those which would not have repaired before their death the wrongs caused by the perception of an interest. (The ready with interest was the subject of a moral interdict very extremely in Christendom, of the Romain Empire until XVIe century).

1454

1494

  • FRA Luca dal Borgo (Luca Pacioli, 1445 - 1517) publishes in Venice its treaty on the Comptabilité in which it exposes the principle of partly double accountancy.

1497

1513

  • New authorized definition of the Wear, with the council of Lateran: “It is necessary to understand by wear the profit and the profit claimed without work, expenditure, or risk, for the use of a thing which is not productive. ” (this new definition authorizes in fact the ready with interest by Christians, returning on the interdict affirmed by several precedents Concile S).

1600

  • December 31st: the queen Elisabeth Ire of England grants a royal Charte conferring for 15 years the monopoly of the trade in the Indian Ocean on the English Compagnie of the Eastern Indies

1602

1637

1664

1666

1694

July 27th: royal Charter creating the Bank of England.

1698

1709

  • Developed of the cast iron to the coke by Abraham Darby in England, which will revolutionize with the long run the metallurgical production of ferrous metals (cast iron, Acier)

1716

1720

  • July 17th: Scandal of Law, the Système of Law crumbles.

1733

  • John Kay invented the flying shuttle which makes it possible to weave four times more quickly and of broader fabrics. It is the beginning of the mechanization of the industry of the weaving which will lead to the rise of manufactures at the beginning of the 19th century.
Besides to announce that English CARTWRIGHT invented, in 1780, the weaving loom mechanical. Consequently, a weaving loom will take the work of four ropemaking machines.

1769

The first steam engine was invented by Savery in 1698.

1791

  • June: in France, promulgation of the Law the Hatter, who founds the Liberté to undertake and which proscribes the coalitions, in particular the Corporation S, but also gatherings country and working, as well as the Compagnonnage. It caused, in fact, to prohibit the trade unions and the strikes.

1798

  • December: in Great Britain, introduction into the budget by William Pitt the Young person of the Income tax, which will remain in force during the main part of the Napoleonean wars but will be abolished in 1816 once returned peace.

1800

1801

  • Signature in England of the Inclosure Consolidation Act which generalizes the Mouvement of the enclosures

1803

1806

  • November 21st: decree of Napoleon founding the continental Blockade, policy which aimed at ruining England, manufacturing and commercial power, by closing all Europe with its exports.

1807

  • September 20th: in France, promulgation of the Code of the trade
  • Joseph Marie Jacquard invents the weaving loom known as Jacquard loom, associating several technologies. This invention will allow an economic development Lyon (France) but will cause unemployment. This evolution will cause in 1831 the Révolte of the Silk workers.

1811

1816

1818

1819

1824

  • October 25th: opening of the store of mode the Beautiful Flower stand , with Paris, in the island of the City. Pierre Parisot, draper, propose new ready-made garments at fixed price, which breaks with the two principles of the sale of then:
    • the negotiation of the price
    • the credit sale.

1825

1831

  • November 21st: beginning of the first Revolt of the Silk workers of Lyon, caused by the level of the wages.

1834

  • January 1st: coming into effect of the Zollverein, German customs union
  • April 9th: beginning of the second Revolt of the Silk workers of Lyon.

1835

1842

  • in Great Britain, reintroduction by Sir Robert Peel of the Income tax, created at the origin to finance the wars against France and removed in 1816.

1843

  • at the end of the year: in Great Britain, foundation with Rochdale close to Manchester, by poor tisserands, Equitable Rochdale Pioneers Society , the “Pioneers of Rochdale”, first Co-operative company .

1846

1848

1849

  • Canadian Abraham Gesner invents a process of Distillation Kérosène, first industrial application of the Pétrole
  • February 1st: in Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen creates the Société of help to the impecunious farmers of Flammersfeld , first Banque mutualist.

1851

1852

  • Foundation of the bank of businesses Loan on personal property by the brothers Péreire, with the support of Napoleon III.

1853

  • July 8th: arrival out of bay of Tōkyō (then Edo) of an American naval forwarding, ordered by the Commodore Perry, requiring the opening of the Japan to the trade with the the United States.

1854

  • March 31st: signature of the Convention of Kanagawa, during the second forwarding Perry, by which the Japan opens two ports with the trade with the the United States and puts an end to two centuries insulation.
  • in France, Henri Holy-Claire Deville develops the first process of industrial production of Aluminum. Its process is chemical is still not very effective. It starts the first production in 1857. But until the invention of the electrolytic proceeded in 1886, aluminum will remain a noble metal.

1855

  • in France, foundation on the initiative of the brothers Péreire of the maritime general Company, which will become in 1861 transatlantic general Compagnie

1856

  • the English Henry Bessemer invents the Bessemer converter, which allows the manufacture of Acier at low prices
  • the English chemist Sir William Henry Perkin invents the dye of synthesis.

1857

1858

1859

1860

1861

1862

  • May 20th: with the the United States, promulgation of the Homestead Act which concedes free 160 acres (64,7 hectares) with any farmer having cultivated them at least five years. This law will play an important role in the Conquête of the West.

1863

  • January 1st: emancipation of the slaves to the the United States.
  • July 6th: Henri Germain creates with Lyon the Crédit Lyonnais, to put its maxim into practice: “Mister All-the-world is richer than Mister de Rothschild”.
  • the Phylloxéra, an imported plant louse of America and with the greedy larvae, is identified in the Gard.

1864

1865

  • Creation of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
  • Creation, with the Chicago Board off Trade , of the first future contracts , contracts in the long term standardized, bearing on cereals.
  • With Ludwigshafen, creation of the Badische Anilin und Soda-Fabrik AG (BASF), manufacturer of dyes of synthesis.
  • December 23rd: Belgium, France, Italy and Switzerland sign a monetary convention of union: the Latin Union. The currencies of each Convention country have each one the same weight of Or while keeping their name (Franc Belgian, Franc French, Lire Italian and Swiss franc) and their individuality.

1866

1867

  • July 22nd: in France, law abolishing the civil imprisonment civil and commercial.
  • July 24th: in France, law on the joint stock companies, which will be applied with few changes during one century.
  • September 20th: with Paris, bankruptcy of the Loan on personal property of the brothers Péreire, banks of businesses founded in 1852 - exact date to check
  • Mise at the point of the Dynamite by Alfred Nobel

1868

  • Fine of the Civil war to the Japan and beginning of the economic modernization of the country under the era Meiji.

1869

1870

1871

  • creation of the Yen, the Japanese currency

1872

  • January 27th: foundation in Paris of the bank of businesses Bank of Paris and of the Netherlands

1873

  • May 9th: Crash it of the purse of Vienna in Austria. The fall of the courses is transmitted in Germany and to the the United States. Beginning of the period known as of the “ great stagnation ” of the worldwide economy between 1873 and 1896.

1875

Reichbank is born

1876

  • January 1st: coming into effect of the monetary unification of the German Empire and birth of the Reichsbank
  • February 14th: Alexander Graham Bell deposits its first patent concerning the Téléphone, whose commercial exploitation will start as of the following year.
  • the devastations caused in France by the Phylloxera are not such as it does not have any more but one remedy there: all to tear off and replant by grafting the French seedlings on American stocks naturally resistant to this plant louse, since originating in the same area of the world.

1877

1878

  • invention of the incandescent lamp by Thomas Edison
  • Eugene Bontoux, banking catholic and legitimist who has just been laid off bank Rothschild, proclaims his intention to raise, vis-a-vis the financial institutions of Jewish origin, a rival company which would consist of catholic capital and founds the General union.

1879

  • July 12th: in Germany, adoption by the Reichstag of a protectionist customs tariff presented by the chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who starts a vast movement of return to the Protectionnisme in all Europe.
  • July 17th: in France, adoption of the law on the extension of the railway network, known under the name of Plan Freycinet , aiming at creating of 17.000 km lines of “General interest”.

1880

1881

  • creation with Paris of the School of the high commercial studies (HEC).

1882

1883

1884

1886

  • May 1st: Trade-union riots in Chicago make many deaths (origin of the Labor Day)
  • First vehicle with gasoline by Benz
  • the French Paul Héroult and the American Charles Martin Hall develop simultaneously and independently the electrolytic production of the Aluminum. The industrial production of what will become the non-ferrous metal more used starts very quickly in Europe and North America.

1889

1891

  • in Prussia, important tax reform, which comprises in particular the introduction of a progressive Income tax and a wealth tax.

1892

  • January 11th: in France, adoption of the protectionist tariff Méline.
  • March 15th: The first mechanical escalator is patented in New York by its inventor, the American Jesse W.Reno

1894

  • March 12th: The firm Coca-Cola on sale puts its first fizzy drink bottles on the US market
  • November 30th: in France, law Siegfried on the Dwellings at a cheap rate (HBM)

1895

  • in France, invention by Edouard Michelin of the pneumatic inflatable, which will be marketed since 1898

1896

1897

  • with the beginning of the year, Rudolf Diesel builds the first prototype of the driving with lighting by compression which bears its name
  • July 17th: Gold rush of the Klondike (complete article: ) with the Canada

1898

  • June 15th: opening to the Tileries of the first “Motor Show”, under the name of International exhibition of cars .

  • Creation in France of the first Social Security: the insurance on the industrial accidents

1899

1900

1908

1913

1914

  • January 14th: The first assembly line is brought into service at the automobile factories Ford.
  • July 3rd: in France, the Senate adopts the Income tax to which he was opposed since his vote by the National Assembly in 1909.
  • August 3rd: inauguration of the Channel of Panamá.

1921

  • Winter 1920-1921: famine in Soviet Union
  • May 17th: in Soviet Union, abolition of the decree which had nationalized the small companies. Beginning of the NEP (New economic policy), whose apogee will be in 1925

1922

  • the Accords of Genoa is signed. It is intended to restore the monetary order after the First World War. It envisages the return to gold convertibility of the currencies.

1923

1925

  • real Speculative bubble in Florida

1926

1928

  • July 13rd: in France, adoption of the Law Squinter which, to face the housing shortage, establishes for the first time a construction schedule (260  000 residences between 1928 and 1933) and specific measurements to its realization.

1929

  • October 24th: Crash of 1929 of the New York Stock Exchange, which involves a banking Crise and precipitates the the United States in the Grande depression

  • November 7th: in Soviet Union, announces public collectivization of the grounds, which already begin with places.

1930

1931

1933

  • March 6th: with the the United States, Bank Holiday , temporary closing of the banks decided by Franklin Delano Roosevelt the shortly after its nomination. Beginning of the New Deal .
  • May 27th: with the the United States, coming into effect of the Securities Act of 1933, which obliges the companies dimensioned to publish detailed accounts ( " full disclosure" ) and creates the Securities and Exchange Commission .
  • June: with the the United States, adoption of the Banking Act of 1933, known as Knell-Steagall Act, which founds inter alia:
    • separation enters the banking trades
    • the federal insurance of the bank deposits.

1934

1935

1936

  • May 25th: at France, the beginning of a vast movement of Strike S in all the sectors, with many occupations of factories.
  • June 7th: with Paris, signature of the agreements of Matignon between the trade unions, employers and the government.
  • 11 and June 12th: in France, laws on the collective agreements, paid vacations (2 weeks), the 40 hours week.
  • July 24th: reform Banque de France
  • August 11th: in France, law on the Nationalization of industries of armament.
  • September 26th: devaluation of 30% of the French franc.

1937

1941

  • March 11th: signature of the law Lend-lease, which authorizes the loan, the sale, or the gift of armaments to the friendly governments of the the United States

1942

  • November: in Great Britain, publication of the governmental report/ratio on the Social Security and fields related ordered two years earlier with the economist William Beveridge, who will be used as a basis for the establishment of the État-providence after the war.

1944

1945

1946

  • April 8th: in France, law nationalizing gas and electricity
  • April 25th: in France, law nationalizing the eleven more important companies of Insurance.

1947

1948

1949

1950

1952

1953

The company Dupont markets first synthetic fiber in Polyester. First synthetic textile fiber.

1954

1955

1957

1958

  • January 1st: coming into effect of the the Treaty of Rome
  • May: in China, beginning of the Large Step ahead, which will make several tens of million deaths.
  • December 27th: in France, adoption by the the Council of Ministers of the Plane Pinay-Rueff of financial cleansing with a devaluation of 17,5% and the creation of the New franc

1960

1961

1962

Independence of Jamaica within the framework of the Commonwealth

1963

1966

1967

  • March 18th: the Torrey Canyon , a giant tanker, is failed on reefs close to the British Cornwall and lets escape part of its 119  000 tons of Oil gross (see: ).
  • May 16th: end of the Kennedy Round within the framework of GATT: lower customs tariffs by 40% per 50 countries.
  • July 13rd: in France, creation of the ANPE.
  • August 17th: Ordinances on the profit-sharing of paid for the benefits of the company. The employee profit sharing in the fruits of the expansion becomes obligatory in the companies of more than 100 paid, by the creation of the Plan of saving of company (PEE).

1970

  • October 8th: Report/ratio Werner , which provides a plan of European Currency Unit for 1980. This plan, adopted by the European commission, will not be implemented because of the bursting of the system international currency unilaterally decided in August 1971 by the the United States.

1971

  • August 15th: unilateral suspension by the the United States of convertibility out of gold of the US Dollar.
  • December 18th: agreements of Washington, also called agreements of Smithsonian, establishing fixed parities between the currencies and of the limits of fluctuation.

1972

1973

  • January 1st: adhesion with the EEC of the Denmark, the the United Kingdom and the Ireland
  • February 13rd: devaluation of 10% of the US Dollar, which appears insufficient.
  • March 4th: introduction of the floating Exchanges, still into force, which causes the appearance of the modern financial markets.
  • April 1st: introduction of the VAT in Great Britain to replace indirect taxes
  • May: beginning of the engagement of the banks in international activities in which they start to take speculative positions on the foreign exchange market. That will lead several of them to voluntary liquidation.
  • June 13rd: price freeze to the the United States.
  • June 29th: new revaluation of the deutschemark of 5,5%.
  • September 12th: beginning of the Tokyo Round of the GATT, which will last until in 1979.
  • October 17th: first Oil crisis: embargo by the Arab countries on the deliveries of Oil bound for the Western States.
  • November 2nd: in France, measurements “antihausse” (in particular blocking of the margins of distribution of certain food products). They will involve one day of general strike of the small shopkeepers the November 15th.
  • December 5th: in France, adoption by the Council of Ministers of the intended measures to fight the Inflation.
  • December 8th: conference of the Ministers for the energy of the exporting Arab oil countries, in the Kuwait, who confirms the continuation of the program of oil retention.
  • December 13rd: some three days week in British industry announces.
  • December 23rd: meeting of OPEC in Teheran which ends in the advertisement of a new rise in the price of the barrel of petrol, which is carried to 11,65 dollars. That corresponds to a quasi-quadrupling of the prices in three months.

1974

  • January 1st: with the the United States, abrogation of the Interest equalization tax , or equalization tax, founded in 1963 ( cf supra ), which had caused the birth of the euromarché and accelerated the outflow of capital out of the country. End of the control of the movements of capital.
  • January 19th: exit of the French franc of the Currency snake.
  • February 5th - March 11th: in Great Britain, a strike of the minors paralyzes the country.
  • March 18th: the majority of the countries of OPEC put an end to the oil embargo towards the Western countries, which will have lasted 5 months.
  • June 26th: bankruptcy of the German bank Herstatt, which causes an serious attack of operation of the foreign exchange market.
  • September 4th: with the the United States, coming into effect of the Employed Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), which gives a legal framework to the pension plans of company and generalizes the Retraite by capitalization.
  • December 5th: the council of the Bundesbank decides to publish from now on an annual objective of growth of the money supply. It is the first concrete application of the Monétarisme by a central bank in the world.

1975

1976

  • January 8th: the Accords of Jamaica put a final term at the monetary system of fixed but adjustable parities, and devote the floating Changes
  • December 15th: the Great Britain is forced to resort to the loans of the the IMF.

1977

1978

  • March 16th: shipwreck of the tanker Amoco Cadiz with broad of the Brittany.
  • September 8th: riots with Teheran, violently repressed. Beginning of the Iranian Revolution, which will be completed by the escape of the Shah the January 16th 1979, and thus beginning of the second oil crisis . Under the effects combined of the Iranian revolution and war Iraq - Iran, the oil price will be multiplied by 2,7 between the semione and 1981.
  • October 27th: coming into effect with the the United States of the , which reformulates the objectives of the American central bank as regards Monetary policy:
    • a maximum rate of employment,
    • of the stable prices
    • and Interest rates in the long run relatively low.
  • December: in China, Deng Xiaoping lance the program of the “four modernizations” (industry and trade, education, military organization and agriculture) to replace the Class struggle
  • December 18th: in Great Britain, strike of the truck drivers. Beginning of the “ ”, spectacular collection of social movements which will gain in January the whole of public services (ambulance men, street sweepers, grave-diggers, etc)

1979

1980

  • September 22nd: beginning of the War Iran-Iraq. The price of the Baril of Pétrole reaches 39 dollars is, by taking account of the Inflation, the equivalent of 92,50 dollars of September 2005.

1981

1982

1984

1985

  • Beginning of the crisis of the Savings and loans with the the United States, which will culminate in 1989
  • May: in France, first emission of assimilable Obligations of the Treasury (OAT) - modernization of the national debt
  • September 22nd: Agreements of Plaza, signed with the Plaza Hotel of New York, by which the countries of the G7 (less Canada and Italy) are intended publicly to intervene on the foreign exchange market and to organize a fold of the US Dollar.
  • November 21st: computer breakdown with the Bank off New York which causes an serious attack of operation of the American financial markets.

1986

  • January 1st: Adhesion of the Spain and the Portugal to the EEC.
  • February 12th: signature with Canterbury of the Franco-British treaty for the construction and the exploitation of the Channel tunnel.
  • February 28th: Signature of the European Single act which widens competences of the EEC and prepares the Single European market of 1993.
  • April 26th: Explosion of the nuclear plant of Tchernobyl, the USSR
    • semi-1986
  • : victims of the overproduction, the prices of the Crude oil fall below 10 dollars the barrel.
  • July 2nd: in France, adoption of the law on the Privatization S.
  • October 27th: in Great Britain, liberalization in-depth of the financial markets, known as Big Bang , which inter alia abolishes the fixed commissions and makes it possible the financial companies to exert several trades.
  • February 1st: in France, abandonment of the control of the Price

1987

  • in France, end of the Credit rationing, into force since 1972.
  • February 22nd: the countries of the G7, less the Italy, sign with Paris the Accords of Louvre, intended to stop the fall of the US Dollar.
  • July 1st: coming into effect of the European Single act which aims in the long term to carry out the realization of the interior market at the end of 1992, " space without internal borders in which free movement of the goods, the people, the services and the capital is assurée".
  • August 11th: nomination of Alan Greenspan to the head of the Federal fund of the United States
  • October 19th: Crash of October 1987 of the Bond market then gone of actions and public intervention of the Federal fund of the United States as a Lender of last spring

1988

  • autumn: apogee of the crisis of the Junk jump S with the the United States
  • November 9th: fall of the Berlin Wall. During following months, the countries of the Communist bloc become savings in transition.
  • December: beginning of the Argentinian Hyperinflation in . In 1990, the rate of Inflation over the year will be of 3 000%.
  • December 29th: apogee of the Japanese Bubble with higher during the meeting with 38  957,44 for the index Nikkei

1990

1991

  • April: in Argentinian, to fight against the Hyperinflation which prevails since 1989, introduction of the Plan of convertibility , which comprises a parity fixes peso/dollar and the creation of a Currency board
  • July 5th: closing by the Bank of England of the ( BCCI ) for various frauds and criminal activities.
  • October: beginning of the banking Crisis Swedish.
  • November 5th: mysterious death at sea of Robert Maxwell, which one discovers quickly that it had diverted the assets of the |funds of retirement of its employees artificially to support the courses of the actions of its companies.

1992

  • of the 16 to the August 28th: the hurricane Andrew ( ) devastation the south-west of the the United States. There will remain the most expensive natural disaster undergone by the country, until the hurricane Katrina in 2005.
  • September: Crisis of the European Monetary System (EMS) at the time of the Referendum French on the Treated of Maastricht of the September 20th. The September 13rd, the Lire Italian is devaluated then, the September 16th, the Italian lira and the Pound sterling must both leave the EMS, while the Peseta is devaluated of 5%. After September 20th, a speculative attack of great width fails against the Franc French.

1993

  • July 19th: in France, adoption of the law of Privatization which relates to a score of companies.
  • : on the foreign exchange market, a new speculative attack against the Franc French makes a success of this time. To discourage the repetition of this type of events, the limits of fluctuation within the European Monetary System are widened considerably.
  • November 8th: Jean-Yves Haberer, president director-general of the Crédit Lyonnais since September 1988 is forced to leave its station, whereas the bank is - although that is not apparent in its accounts - in quasi-bankruptcy.

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

  • August 17th: defect of Russia
  • September 23rd: rescue in catastrophe organized by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and realized by principal the banks of investment, the Hedge fund Long Capital Term Management, holder of more than 100 billion dollars positions on the bond markets, in chump end Bankruptcy.

1999

  • January 1st: introduction of the Euro like representative money
  • November 12th: with the the United States, Financial Services Modernization Act , known as Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act , which cancels the Knell-Steagall Act of 1933 organizing the separation of the banking trades in particular. This legislation is adopted just in time to allow fusion constitutive of Citigroup.

2000

2001

2002

  • June 15th: with Houston with the the United States, judgment for “criminal facts” in the business Enron of the multinational firm of accountancy Arthur Andersen, which has of another legal exit only to be liquidated. The judgment will be cancelled in May 2005 by the Supreme court of the United States of America.
  • July 30th: coming into effect with the the United States of the law Sarbanes-Oxley ( Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Act Protection off 2002 , to see: ) adopted in answer to the scandals Enron and Worldcom and which criminalise countable handling.
  • October 27th: presidential election with the Brazil. As of spring, the prospect for a victory of Lula creates an important movement of panic among holders of Brazilian debt This movement, a posteriori unfounded, will culminate in October.
  • November 13rd: shipwreck of the tanker Prestige with broad of the Galicia.

2003

2004

  • May 1st: widening of the European Union, which passes from 15 to 25 members
  • June 26th: publication of the conclusions of the Committee of Basle on the risks banking, known as Basle II.

2005

  • February 16th: coming into effect of the Protocol of Kyoto
  • August 25th: the hurricane Katrina devastates the south-east of the the United States. Its cost is generally estimated at more than 100 billion dollars, which would make of it the most expensive natural disaster of the American history, far in front of the hurricane Andrew 1992. For more details, to see Economic impact of the hurricane Katrina .

2006

  • January 1st: in France, coming into effect of the Organic law concerning to the finance laws, or LOLF, which change the structure of the Budget of the State.
  • January 27th: The world number one of steel, Mittal Steel, lance a hostile tender offer on the European group Arcelor for an amount of 18,6 billion euros. In the event of success of the operation, the fusion of the two companies créérait a giant of steel with an annual production of more than 100 million tons, employing 320.000 paid and holding 12% of the worldwide market of steel.
  • January 31st: end of the mandate of Alan Greenspan to the head of the Federal fund of the United States

2007

  • January 1st: application to the banks of the European Union of the conclusions, known as Basle II, of the committee of Basle on the prudential regulation
  • the world would be, according to the estimates, in the moment of living between the 2007 and 2011 oil Pic world: with conditional as a mountaineer climbing a mountain could not evaluate the top of it.
  • : the American and Japanese purses carry out historical records: the Nikkei culminates at 16 353,97 points and the Dow Jones at 13 680,19 points.

See too

External bonds

  • economic History, an article of the site of the pupils of ENS.
  • Course of history of Khâgne put on line by their author

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