Astronautics

The spationautic astronautics or or cosmonautic , is consisted the whole of the Science S and the Technique S aiming sending in the extraterrestrial space a vehicle manned or not, sailing outside the terrestrial atmosphere, and at exploiting space engines.

The term “ astronautics ” was created by Rosny in 1927 according to " The astronautique" of Ananoff, page 237.

" The Petit Robert " give this definition: " étym. 1910; “astronomy used by the navigators in open sea” 1842" .

Techniques

Projects

  • X-33 : Abandoned project of NASA to succeed the space shuttles.

  • Project Constellation: Current project of NASA to succeed the shuttles and to turn over on the the Moon.

Definition

Astronautics is the branch of the Ingénierie which treats sending of vessels, probes beyond the terrestrial atmosphere; those Ci functioning either automatically or with a crew. It is also defined as the Science which deals with the technology of the space voyages.

Astronautics is also known in analogy with the Astronomie, the Aéronautique and the Aérospatiale. As in aeronautics, the limits relate to the weight and the external force necessary to takeoff. In the space missions the conditions are extreme: space vacuum, radiation emitted by the sun, variations in temperatures, terrestrial belts of radiations, violence of the atmospheric re-entry, inter alia. The specific problem that astronautics must face, is to reduce the Payload to the minimum, in order to increase the mass of Carburant and Comburant necessary to the Propulsion of the Astronef.

History

Initially, astronautics was a completely theoretical discipline. The first which considered the possibility of the space voyage were the writers of the Fantastique like Jules Verne and H.G. Wells. The practical beginnings of astronautics must with the invention of the engine with liquid propulsion. The first people who contributed magistralement to the development of the astronautics were Constantin Tsiolkovski, Robert Goddard which in 1926 launched the first rocket to liquid propellents and Wernher von Braun which put to him at the point the first ballistic missile (V2) functioning thanks to a rocket engine. It became, after the second world war, the principal craftsman of the American space program. It is thanks to its Saturn V that American astronaut sending on the Moon was possible.

Current and future programs

Until now astronautics concentrated mainly on the placing in orbit of artificial satellite, but also on other great achievements: the construction of space stations, Skylab, Mir, ISS, the sending of men on the the Moon (Program Apollo) and of probes towards distant planets and satellites like Titan. For the future, the remote voyages are studied to send missions with human crews towards Mars approximately in the years 2035 and for 2020 the return of the Man on the Moon, and then front, the construction of a space colony of Astronaute S to prepare large the space flights.

Other branches of activity

Astronautics divides in other disciplines:

  • Mathematical space

  • Ballistic Astrodynamique
  • Aerospace
  • Astronavigation
  • Colonization of space
  • space Medicine
  • Mission over Mars
  • space Engineering
  • Construction of spacecrafts

See too

Related articles

External bonds

  • Official site of NASA
  • Official site of the ESA
  • Space

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