Artritis reumatoide

History

The first regatta took place the August 22nd 1851. It was a challenge launched by the British with the Americans around the island of Wight at the time of the World Fair. The winner was the Goélette America , armed by the New York Yacht Club in front of fourteen British ships.

On arrival of the winner, one would have answered the queen Victoria asking who is the second: “There is no second, Majesté. ”

The victory of the Americans however lends to controversies. America also missed a mark of the course which was not clearly mentioned by the instructions of race, but that all the other competitors had transfered. The Americans argued on the fact that the instructions of race were not clear; the British inclined themselves. Moreover, there was a second well: the small British sailing ship Aurora , which arrived 8 minutes after America . The two ships were not at all same gauge and if the rule of the handicap had been observed, Aurora would have been declared victorious.

The Americans receive the cut of the winner of the hands of the count de Wilton. Of return to the the United States, the winners offered the trophy (a Aiguière out of solid silver) to the New York Yacht Club in order to create a competition which is a friendly duel between clubs: if the duellists do not put an agreement, the club which defends the cut imposes its rules. The Cut of America had been born, it begins only in 1870, after the American Civil War. It remained during 132 years with the hands of the Americans (until in 1983).

The history of the competition includes/understands several periods:

1870 - 1920, gauges free

The challenger defies the defender by indicating the gauge of his boat. In order to gain, one attends an arms race by the candidates. The challenges are launched by the British and the Canadians.

1876 : The regattas are run in duel, a boat defender against a boat challenger.

1930 - 1937, the “class J”

The Crise of 1929 passed by there: a gauge (elements allowing to define the parameters of a boat) is tacitly defined. Among these “class J” appear:

Shamrock V: the first Class J, last challenge of Sir Thomas Lipton;
Enterprise : drawn by Starling Burgess;
Velsheda : drawn by Charles Nicholson;
Endeavour : author of one of the most beautiful regattas of the Cut with Rainbow;
finally, mythical the To arrange: the last of the Class J, unconquered in race, having been beaten only by Endeavor with the drive.

This class, inspired by work of Nathanael Herreshoff on the Universal Gauge, saw the abandonment of the fore-and-aft Gréement with mainsail and arrow for a Gréement bermudien. The gauge took account of the twinges and the smoothness of the hull, thus creating very harmonious boats.

1958 - 1987, “12M JI”

A new gauge is selected in order to still limit the budgets. These thirty years are remembered by evolutions of the payment towards that which we know today:

1962 : each competition is separated by at least three years;
1970 : preliminary regattas select the challenger;
1983 : the Americans lose the cut with the profit of the Australian boat Australia II barred by John Bertrand;
1987 : The preliminary regattas take the name of Coupe Louis Vuitton .

1988

The New Zealanders defy the Americans in the spirit of the original rules. They build an immense monoshell which loses first once against the catamaran of the defender. But with the challenge of 1995, the New Zealand crew gains the cut and repeats in 2000. The boat is barred by Peter Blake on the water level of Auckland.

Since 1992

Since 1992, a new gauge (the “Class america”), is defined. It makes it possible to build faster boats, more spectacular. In addition to constraints of dimensions, this gauge includes constraints structural and of manufacture making it possible to limit the cost of the boats while avoiding integrating last technologies into it.

2003 and 2007: victory of the Swiss boat Alinghi. The cut returns to Europe and, for the fourth consecutive edition, the trophy escapes the Americans.

Prize list

The payment

These elements are those of the cut in 2003. The defender imposing his rules, they will evolve/move for the cut of 2007 which is organized by Valence in Spain because the Suisse, holder of the trophy, does not have an access to the sea.

Boats

Since 1992, the boats are of gauge “Class america”. A gauge is a whole of general characteristics defining a class of boats but ensuring a homogeneity of performance between these boats. The use of of the same boats gauge avoids the calculation of rating (the Handicap) and thus makes it possible to have a race where the arrived first is gaining it. The Class america make approximately 25 meters length and 4 meters with draft.

Course of the competition

The competition proceeds in 2 phases:

the selection starts with preliminary regattas of the challenger and the defender:

Cut Louis-Vuitton for the challenger;
Citizen Cup for the defender (when there are several applicants);

Cut of America.

The Louis-Vuitton Cut (there was not a “Citizen Cup” in 2003) proceeds as follows:

an eliminatory hen (the “rounds robins”) where each gained regatta brings back points. This classification makes it possible to select eight boats for the quarterfinals in 2 hens, one with the first 4 “double chance”, one with the 4 last “individual chance”;
the quarterfinal proceed with best of 7 handles. The first both “double chance” are qualified for the semi-finals. The two last of this group meet in fishing out the two first of “individual chance”. The winner of the quarterfinal of fishing out will dispute the semi-final of fishing out;
the semi-finals proceed with best of 7 handles. The winner is qualified for the final. Overcome the argument the qualificative semi-final of fishing out for the final;
the final is held with best of nine handles, the winner is qualified for the Cut of America.

The organization of the eliminating heats should strongly evolve/move for the next cut.

The Cut of America proceeds with best of nine handles, i.e. the first which gains five regattas gained.

Regattas

All the regattas proceed in duels (or match racing ) what makes it possible for boats the similar performances to assess the quality of the crew: it is not obligatorily the fastest boat which gains. This has also the advantage of making simpler the follow-up of a regatta. This should not change for the next cut.

The regatta is made while turning around two buoys, the starting line and arrival being perpendicular to the axis of these buoys. This should not change for the next cut except that the distance between these buoys will be function of the force of the wind.

Evolutions of the payment

In order to make the cut even more attractive, of the adaptations are being studied:

Of the competitions was to be organized in order to prepare the Cut of America;
the duration of the competition should be tightened (3 months between the first preliminary regatta and the last regatta of the Cut of America);
a regatta should last 1:30 (for that the distance between the buoys will be dependant on the force of the wind);
the next cut should rather see a very clear evolution towards a compétion between clubs than between nations, as well as a greater independence of the Steering Committee with respect to the defender and thus a greater neutrality of this one towards all the competitors.

Prohibition to change employer

The lawyers of the Swiss team added a new rule to retroactive effect prohibiting with any sailor having worked for six months with a team engaged in the Cut to change employer. By the brutal dismissal of Russell Coutts by Ernesto Bertarelli, the owner of the TEAM Alinghi, the largest régatier of the world was thus condemned to remain with ground in 2007.

See too

Internal bonds

Water sport

External bonds

Official site

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