Arnica of the mountains

The Arnica of the mountains ( Arnica Montana ) is a herbaceous Plante long-lived rhizomateuse of the kind Arnica and of the family of the Asteraceae . This European plant mainly mountain is typical grounds acid and low in nutritive elements. In this direction, its populations are strongly abused by the Intensive agriculture and become increasingly rare. Besides this statute is worth to him to be named in many legal texts protecting it. For this reason, it appears in the European Directive habitats.

The arnica of the mountains is a major plant of the European Pharmacopée S traditional and modern. Its reputation founded and approved officially as a anti-ecchymotic is not any more to make. In order to provide the pharmaceutical laboratories, whose annual European application at 50 tons of capitulates S is estimated dry, this arnica is gathered in a wild state. However, this increasing demand in phytotherapeutic products and homeopathic and its scarcity seem paradoxical. Indeed, in front of the rarefaction of the wild stations, the Cueillette tends to concentrate on some sites and to overexploit them. Moreover, its culture remains random at present so much its requirements are numerous.

Nevertheless, of the alternatives set up themselves: research on its culture advances, the Germany and the European Community opened to them Pharmacopée to accommodate a plant thérapeutiquement equivalent while others set up conventions between the various parts concerned in order to reconcile economy and ecology. __TOC

Description

Subspecies and cultivar

common Arnica of the mountains: Arnica Montana L. subsp. Montana (synonymous: Arnica Montana L. VAr. alternifolia Cariot & St - Lag. and Arnica Montana L. subsp. Montana VAr. alpina L.),
Spanish Arnica of the mountains: Arnica Montana subsp. atlantica A.Bolòs Agron. Lusit., (synonym: Arnica Montana L. VAr. angustifolia Duby)

The Sous-espèce atlantica has basal sheets narrower and carries Feuille S caulinaires on each one of its Bractée S whereas the subspecies Montana carries these sheets only on its floral Hampe. Moreover, it is often higher (up to 60 cm) and its Involucre is woolly. The flowerheads develop June to October and are of a tender and not orange yellow like the subspecies Montana .

Arnica Montana “Arbo”: Cultivar created by U. Bomme in 1990
Doronicum montanum (L.) Lam. (1786, Encycl. Méth., Club-footed., 2: 312).

Thereafter of many denominations followed one another. Indeed, the proximity of the kind Arnica with the kind Doronic um raised many polemics between the 17th century and the 19th century. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, into the 17th century, inserts it for the first time in the kind Doronicum and names it “ Doronicum plantaginis folio alternum ”. Carl von Linné, to the 18th century, gives for distinctive characters from the arnica, all the crested seeds , and five sterile filaments in the semiflorets. It thus creates distinct kinds and names the species according to its binomial method “ Arnica Montana ”. At the same time, Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck class the kind Arnica within the Doronic and names it “ Doronicum oppositifolium ”. In the same way, according to Bernard de Jussieu and Pierre Jean François Turpin, the first of the characters of Linné is too not very important to establish a generic distinction and the second would not exist. Other names are born then like “ Doronicum montanum ” in 1786 and “ Doronicum arnica ” in 1804. Current classification will retain that of Carl von Linné.

The epithet “ Montana ” present in names referring to the kind Doronicum as with the kind Arnica means “Montagne” indicating the mainly mountain character of its distribution. It comes from Latin “Mons”.

Popularly, in France, it is also called “Plantain of the the Alps” because of the lancéolée form of its Feuille S and with their projecting longitudinal veins, “Tabac of the the Vosges” or “tobacco of the the Alps” by allusion to the former practice of its sheets. These two names also refer to its surface of distribution. Moreover, it is named “Grass with the falls”, which is a way of pointing out his character to us antiecchymotic. Lastly, it is named “Bétoine mountains”. “Arnica of the mountains”, “Arnique of the mountains” and “Arnique montagnère”, translations literal of the scientific name, are also of strength.,

In Germany, it is indicated by “Wolferley” or “Wolfstöterin” meaning “tueuse wolf” because the plant passes to overcome the power of the wolf. The Scandinavian myth of the wolf Fenris opposes the latter to the pure vitality of the sun, the wolf trying to obscure all that the sun represents in us.

Scientific designation is internationally more widespread than vernacular name; that it is in German or French, their use often fell in disuse.

Ecology

Geographical distribution

Arnica Montana is a plant originating in the mountainous regions of the Europe and south of the Russia, area called palearctic Écozone. More precisely, Arnica Montana subsp Montana is primarily present in Europe, of the south of the Norway and the Latvia southern, in the south of the Portugal, the the Apennines northern and with the south of the Carpates. To contrario, the subspecies atlantica is limited to a zone going from the south-west of the France in the south of the Portugal. Until a few decades ago, Arnica Montana was a common plant in Europe. It could meet everywhere on the continent of the Plaine up to 2850 meters. Today, it is in strong reduction on the totality of its surface of distribution is confined with the highest stations and most difficult of access.

In France, Arnica Montana subsp Montana is very rare with the stage collinéen, it is especially present starting from the mountain stage until the alpine stage. It is present in the the Pyrenees, the Massif Central, the Morvan, the Ardenne S, the the Vosges and the the Alps. The subspecies atlantica meets in Plaine in the Sologne as in the south of the department of the Landes from where it almost disappeared.

Ecological requirements

Arnica Montana subsp Montana is a continental species heliophilous (or of half-shade). It is completely acidiphile and is liked within the grounds low in bases and in elements nutritive S. With contrario, it is far from demanding on the level of the pedological materials , it as well accepts the Tourbe S and the Argile S, that the silt S (especially sandy or stony) and the arenas. These grounds will have nevertheless to be moderately dry with wet (sometimes with hydrous contrasts during the year). The abundance of Arnica Montana is indicating of a long past of the vegetation to the state of Lande.

Phytosociology

Arnica Montana subsp. Montana is a perished Orophyte alpine, preferring the Adret S in the north of the Europe and the Ubac S in the south. It affectionate particularly the mountain Lawn S thin and summit acidiphiles subjected to the effect of peak, mainly on Silica ( Caricion curvulae and Violion caninae ) and in particular on Nardion strictae ( Nardus stricta , the stiff nard). This, to the edge of the rock flagstones and in the Moor S with callune and bilberry ( Vaccinio-Genistetalia ). It penetrates sometimes in the not very dense Forêt S of the Rhododendron-Vaccinion (Pinèdes, Cembraies and Mélézins) or in the wetter zones of the Juncion squarrosi (Jonçaies with Canche cespiteuse). This arnica is present in the the Pyrenees in a particular Biotope: siliceous lawns with Festuca eskia . In the the Alps, Arnica Montana subsp. Montana form a vegetable Association with Campanula barbata via their Exsudat S racinaires,

Parasitism

Incidences of agriculture

The Intensive agriculture is put at the one, dock, an experiment of Fertilization of Pelouse S of the Geo montani-Nardetum , of the Biotope S privileged of Arnica Montana subsp Montana , committed in 1930 by Dr. W Lüdi and was continued until 1990 by teams of scientists of the University of Bern. The protocol envisaged various routes of fertilization, combining contributions of Azote, of Phosphore, Potassium, Calcium and Fumier, with follow-up of the effects and of their persistence on the floristic composition and the pedological characteristic of the microphone-pieces. The conclusions of this experimentation carried out on the long run show on the one hand that it appears a fast development of Festuca will rubra , Phleum alpinum and more generally of the species with broad spectrum under the effect of the contributions of Phosphore, of Calcium and Fumier, these evolutions floristic being accompanied by a significant rise in pH and mineral richness in the ground. In addition, it shows a fast regression of Nardus stricta , Arnica Montana , Geum montanum and majority of the species acidophiles.

As for the subspecies atlantica , its biotope is also under threat of destruction because of the change of the ecological conditions. Indeed, the farming improvement of the marshy meadows caused the rarefaction of the species.

Extensive agriculture

The Extensive agriculture, as for it, supports the development of Arnica Montana . The example of the Markstein, in the Ballons of the Vosges seems to be rather convincing. Indeed, an agro-environmental scientific study at summer carried out in partnership with the Regional natural park of the Balloons of the Vosges by the University of Metz (Laboratory of Phytoecology of Professor Serge Muller) on a communal piece in Waste land of 14 ha, during three years of 1998 to 2001. On the basis of the arnica as a main thing Biological indicator of the state of these top-pastures, the study with license to establish which measurements to take to preserve of it the ecosystem and the Biodiversity. Thus, the introduction of a small Bovine livestock of S and renouncement of all Manure on the piece, as well as the size of the invading bushes, will have made it possible to obtain there a notable increase in the populations of Arnica Montana . Bovine refusal of the S, the Arnica could developed with the detriment of the fodder plants. An extensive pasturage carried out as soon as possible in the season thus seems positive advises a mowing every 3 years on half even the quarter of the piece, the exploitation of these meadows having to be held of July 1st to 800 m of altitude until the 31 to 1600 Mr. the extensive agriculture is thus favourable with the Arnica: one needs a minimum of human interventions (wood-cutting, mowing) or of animal presence in order to maintain the biotope of the natural meadows. A ground left with the abandonment would evolve to the Lande with callune or bilberry, then towards the Forêt. Though potentially present in these Biotope S, the populations of Arnica Montana would not less widely be reduced by it.

Protection

Arnica Montana is considered, by the European Community like a Community plant specie of interest whose taking away in nature and the exploitation is likely to be the measurement object of management . Any type of taking away can be regulated: fresh or dried plants, including, if necessary, Sheet S, Rhizome S, Stem S, Seed S, and Fruit S. Within this framework, Arnica Montana is a species of the meadows of mowing of the Appendix V of the Directive habitats 92/43/CEE.

In Europe , Arnica Montana is registered on the list of the plants plants protected from certain countries. She is considered Indéterminée with Kaliningrad and in Ukraine; Rare in Vulnerable Czech Republic and in Bosnia-Herzégovine, Lithuania, Poland, with the Netherlands, in Finland, Sweden and with the Portugal. ,

In Swiss , Arnica Montana is registered in red Liste under protection regional in the cantons of the the Jura and on the Plateau where she is regarded as species in danger. In the Canton of Bern, the gathering of this plant at lucrative ends requires an authorization of the Inspection of protection of nature..

In Italy , the protection of the medicinal and aromatic plants and their natural habitats is subjected to the Royal Decree (R.D) No 772 of 1932. It is registered there that the maximum quantity of Arnica Montana allowed wild harvest is of 5 kg fresh (flowerheads and roots) per anybody and per annum., municipal (the Vosges), prefectoral (Expensive and Loiret), secondary road (Expensive: Article 3 and Article 4; Loiret: Article 1st and Article 4; The Alps de Haute Provence: Article 3 and Article 6; Batch: Article of 4 and Isere) and regional (Center, Burgundy, Aquitaine). In these territories, are prohibited, in any time, the destruction, the cut, the mutilation, pulling up, the gathering or removal, hawking, the use, the setting on sale, the sale or the purchase of whole or part of the wild specimens. However, prohibitions of destruction, cut, mutilation and pulling up are not applicable to the operations of current exploitation of the rural funds on the usually cultivated pieces. Arnica Montana is also protected within the framework from the alpine Convention and some National park.

These let us tax are to be protected in Plaine,

Uses in human medicine

History

Known Greek S of the Antiquité, Pline Old the formless that its Root, taken in wine with the amount of one drachma or two, is appropriate against marine hare, the clamping plate and opium . Nevertheless, nothing seems to show that they know the anti-ecchymotic use of it. With the the Middle Ages, this plant was described by Hildegarde de Bingen. She would have discovered this medicinal property and synthesizes its magic properties of them as follows:

When a man and a woman are in love, if somebody spreads out arnica over the skin of one of these people, when the arnica dried they become éperdus of love, until losing the reason of it.

But its explanations and the glossaries of its time avoid a precise definition. In fact truly the writings of Matthaeus Silvaticus at the 14th century and the gynaecological literature of the 15th century will bring the first reliable information. However, the erroneous identification of the arnica in the Materia medica confusing it with the kinds Water-plantain or Damasonium led to a general confusion on the Taxonomie and the therapeutic indications. Thus, it is not surprising to find these confusions between Arnica Montana and Alisma plantago-aquatica in the writings of, but also in certain authors of the 20th century. In popular medicine means-âgeuse, the arnica appears to be used for the menstrual pains and like abortive agent. During the 16th century, it became " a remedy of blessure" exceptional against the external wounds. Its role in the popular traditions especially shows interesting similarities with the millepertuis perforated in Bohemia (Czech Republic), Silesia (Poland) and High-Franconie (Germany). It is at the 18th century that the arnica plays a part of first rank and is the subject many theses of scientific medicine, disciplines then in full rise. These works specify already that “during the use of the arnica, it is necessary to be extremely careful because it is about a quickly acting remedy for small amounts. ” Thus the arnica counts it among the plants having influenced in a decisive way Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of the Homéopathie, and its use of the remedies for infinitesimal amounts. At the beginning of the 19th century, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe also examined with attention Arnica Montana and received an infusion regulation of arnica against its Infarctus in February of 1823, which would have improved in a notorious way its state. Consequently, the popularity of the arnica was growing in the medical field. .

In the Western part of the North America, Alaska and in the north of the Mexico, one also finds three species of Arnica : Arnica fulgens , Arnica sororia and Arnica cordifolia that the Amerindian used to treat the Blessure S, the Ecchymose S and the Entorse S and ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative one Phytotherapy) approved the use by external way of the arnica and recognizes its effectiveness for the treatments which follow.

Arnica Montana is used in order to look after the Ecchymose S, the Oedème S associated with a fracture, the muscular disorders (Foulure S) and articular (Arthrose), the Furoncle S, the punctures of Insecte S and the insufficiencies venous (Phlébite S and Varice S). In the case of a Ignition of the oral cavity and Throat, the Teinture mother 1 DH is used in Gargarisme (where it is necessary to avoid swallowing the solution).

These uses are very popular as well in traditional medicine as in modern medicine, it was worth besides with the Arnica to be called " Bleaches on grass with the chutes". According to P. Lieutaghi, “family pharmacy must preserve this dyeing whose excellence is not any more to show. All the traumatisms with or without épanchements blood or séreux profit from its application. It is preferable to employ Arnica Montana only on the traumatisms without wounds. ”.

Homeopathy

Although, in the past, the plant was the subject of internal uses, in particular for the respiratory processing of turbid cardiac and , one regards it today as Toxique and is reserved for the Homéopathie. According to P. Lieutaghi, apart from this therapy, “employs it intern of Arnica Montana , in particular like anti-spasmodic, is to be excluded from domestic medicine because this toxic plant is dangerous between inexpert hands”. The Pathogénésie of the Totum (signs etiologic, psychic and general as well as the regional signs) was carried out by Samuel Hahnemann in Traité medical matter ; its action is identical to that obtained after a muscular traumatism accompanied by Ecchymose S and a feverish state with adynamy. Manufactured starting from Teinture mother of Arnicae planted tota fresh , the preparations of arnica are advised, according to the principle of “similarity”, as a homeopathic drug of the Surmenage and the muscular traumatism (shock, wounds, care post-operative), certain infectious states with adynamy, of turbid vascular and Dermatose S (related to the brittleness of the derm). According to the homeopaths, the internal catch of homeopathic high dilution of the plant would support the treatments phytotherapeutic. One uses the arnica of the Teinture mother with the dilution 30CH and the dilutions korsakoviennes. In Self medication, its use is very popular.

Nevertheless, the effect of the homeopathic remedies remains very discussed. Many studies randomized as a double blind man showed that Arnica Montana in its homeopathic use is ineffective beyond of an effect of Placebo. More precisely, a study carried out in 2000 with Lausanne (Suisse) aimed at determining if Arnica Montana , in its homeopathic use, could reabsorb the Hématome S in the venous surgery. The results show that, with 5 CH proportioning, no preventive effect of Arnica Montana is observable. Another study carried out by Research Council for Complementary Medicine, to London (England) aimed at determining if the 30CH Arnica could reduce the muscular pain more than a Placebo, at the time of a race on foot of long distance. Their conclusions show that Arnica Montana 30 CH is ineffective within this framework.

Uses in veterinary medicine

In Phytothérapie Vétérinaire Arnicae flos is used locally for the treatment of the acute Inflammation S of the Tendon S, the Articulation S and the Mamelle S but also for the cleaning and the treatment of the blood Blessure S without épanchements of the Peau and the Muqueuse S, the Eczéma and the cutaneous Inflammation S. This mainly in the forms of dyeings mothers, fluidic extractions and Onguent S. the oily maceration of Arnicae flos is used only of cutaneous external use. An internal treatment is to be proscribed because of its toxicity and of its effect irritating on the stomach.

In Homeopathy Veterinary Of external use, a prolonged use on an injured skin (Wound S or Ulcer S) can frequently cause œdémateuses Dermatite S accompanied by small blister S. a treatment requiring of strong concentrations can generate Eczéma, even toxic dermatological reactions accompanied by small blister S which can go until the Nécrose. These demonstrations are due to a Allergie of sesquiterpenic contact related to some Lactone S (Hélénaline and derived). Moreover, Arnica Montana is suspectée of interaction with other natural products of health. Indeed, it would increase the time of bleeding by the inhibition of plate aggregation. There exists little of convincing data and the possible effect of the interaction on the health of the patient is not necessarily major. However, it must be the subject of a monitoring all the same.

It is also possible to be poisoned

It is possible to meet Racine of arnica mingled with root of Geum urbanum . The latter, which resembles to him much by its general aspect, is however larger, of an astringent saveure and a rather marked odor of Girofle.

the dry sheets were used formerly like Tabac. The peasants of mountains smoked them against the quinteuses Toux, the catarrhes and the Bronchite S. This use is obsolete and potentially dangerous.
the florets of the arnica can become vegetable frauds of the saffron. Of the same form, they are recolorés artificially on powder or spice in filaments.
decorative Plant

Culture

The arnica of the mountains is essentially a medicinal Plante of gathering. The therapeutic importance of Arnica Montana and the rarefaction of the wild sites justified the realization of several tests of domestication since the beginning of the 20th century, specifically in Suisse and Germany. Today, a multitude of experiments also develop in Hungary, in Finland, France, Spain and with the the United Kingdom. These various authors generally agree for advising grounds acid and free from Calcaire S (even of bases), if possible rich in Organic matter vegetable not-broken up and low in Phosphate and Nitrate. The plant would be in addition sensitive to the soluble Engrai S. The culture must be spread with the top of 800m of altitude (for the Latitude S Frenchwomen and Suisses). Even if a cultivar were created, this culture remains random today so much the requirements edaphic S of Arnica Montana are important.

Chloroses

During above-mentioned work, Chlorosis S and deteriorations often appeared, destroying the whole of the culture sometimes. These accidents generally were allotted to the very strict requirements edaphic S of the plant. However, the most recent studies somewhat relativize the importance of these various factors, in particular the negative effect of the Fumure. Today, even if the cultures are crowned success, the causes of the Chlorose S and deteriorations still often observed remain ignored, those consequently remaining partially unforeseeable. One of the assumptions often advanced to explain the sensitivity of Arnica Montana would be the absence on the Racine S of the crop plants, of a Champignon mycorhizien necessary to its optimal nutrition. Currently, it seems possible to discount, with best the populations, a Rendement in flowerheads dry of 50 g/m ² as of the first harvest year and certainly superior as of the second year. With this can be added the production of Racine S or whole plant at the end of the culture. Nevertheless, the current studies miss retreat to be able to describe the evolution of the outputs after three even four years of culture. It is in addition probable that the improvement of the farming techniques are suceptibles to improve the outputs notably. Thus the whole of the farming problems (date of sowing, density of plantation, Manure, watering,…) would deserve thorough work.

Alternative

Arnica chamissonis subsp. foliosa is regarded by the Pharmacopée S German (DA89) and European as thérapeutiquement equivalent to Arnica Montana . This plant originating in North America indeed has a close chemical composition, although distinct. It is much easier to cultivate and, flowering as of the year of installation, much more productive. In the event of alignment of the French Pharmacopée and other national pharmacopeias on the European pharmacopeia, it is probable that the cultures of A. Montana will remain modest and limited to the provisioning of some industries. In the contrary case, the request for the latter, today in strong increase, will support certainly its setting in culture on an appreciable scale,

In Spain: Environ 10 tons of flowerheads dried of Arnica Montana were announced as negotiated via one only wholesaler in Galicia, which announced the existence of a wide-area network of harvest in this province. Nevertheless, other zone of gathering were announced following the example Asturies and Pyrenean area. The Spanish gatherers seem to receive 10 euros per dry kg of flowerhead.

In France: the very large majority of the production (flowerheads, whole Plant and root) is carried out by wild gathering primarily in the Massif Central, the the Pyrenees, the the Alps and the the Vosges. In this area, the site of the Markstein is regarded as being one of the largest concentration of Arnica of Europe. In this site, the laboratory Weleda mentions that it calls upon a Vosgean association professional gatherers to collect 1,5 tons of Arnicae there planted tota fresh and 0,5 tons of Arnicae flos fresh . It also mentions a complementarity of this production by the purchase of dry Arnicae flos in Romania.

The Laboratory of Phytoecology of Metz. Its current perimeter covers approximately 20 ha and is distributed on the communes of Oderen, Fellering and Ranspach. This territory is divided between the Agriculteur S, the contractors of companies of Loisir S and the gatherer S. the grounds used by the farmers are on the common supervision of the S, the unit belonging to the European network Natura 2000 and profiting from the protection of the Regional natural park of the Balloons of the Vosges. The pharmaceutical laboratories concerned with this territory are primarily Weleda and Boiron.

Victim of a process complexes opposing economic stakes and ecological diverging, the arnica saw its territory little by little being reduced like a shagreen. Indeed, the intensification of the dairy breeding associated with the impact of the sporting leisures and with the passion growing of the phytotherapeutic produced and homeopathic had negative consequences on the populations of Arnica. So it was necessary to set up rules with all the parts concerned.

June 22nd, 2007 was signed a Convention " ARNICA" under the aegis of the AVEM (Vosgean Association of mountain economy). This convention includes/understands precise instructions for each part. In full flowering by leaving a flowered stem on the spot every 5 m ² and the flowerheads can be gathered only the plants faded. Only are authorized manual harvests. This convention also recalls to the pharmaceutical laboratories the obligation of requests for authorization of harvest near the communes. It definite for the farmers of the standards as for the animal Loading of the Meadow S concerned. All Amendment S chemical, Liming S, plant health contribution of Manure organic or mineral, treatments and on-sowing is proscribed there. It allots to the Regional natural park Balloons of the Vosges the role of mediator between the various actors of the site. The mayors of the communes concerned committed themselves making respect the directives of convention with the assistance of the green Brigades, ONF and ONCFS.

In addition to this example, no management reconciling the economy with the ecological requirements exists in the other French areas.

Europe

Other countries set up of such projects. In Romania, in 2006, WWF - the United Kingdom, WWF - DCP (the Danube - Carpathes), the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary medicine (USAMV) of Cluj-Napoca, the University of Freiburg (Germany) as well as the pharmaceutical laboratory Weleda launched a project of management of the medicinal plants of wild Cueillette and think particularly of Arnica Montana . An installation of one followed by the pieces and quality of the products are in hand (cartography, training of the gatherers to the gathering and drying,…).

See too

Selective bibliography

: source used for the drafting of this article

forest Flora French Mountain ; JC Rameau, D.Mansion G.Dumé, IDF, 1989
Plants Bio-indicatrixes, guides of diagnostic of the grounds , Gerard Ducerf, Promonature Editions, 2005
Impact of the agricultural déprise on the dynamics of the populations of Montana Arnica on High-Thatches of the Vosgean tops L. Alnot, S Muller and A. Schnitzler, Laboratory of Phytoecology, University of Metz, 2001
therapeutic Plants: Tradition, practical officinal and ethnobotanic science , 2nd edition, max Wichtl and Robert Anton, ED tce and Doc. and ED medical internationonales; Lavoisier 2003
Arnica. A medicinal plant full with force and sensitivity , Christina Kiehs-Glos, 07/2005, ED AETHERA
the grass pound good; Pierre Lieutaghi, Actes Sud, 1996
culture of Arnica Montana L.: agronomic and plant health aspects , Delabays NR; Eat NR; Swiss review Vitic Arboric Hortic; 23 (5) Page (S) 313 - 319 (1991)
Anbau von Arnica Montana STI jetzt möglich . Bodenkultur und Pflanzenbau, Bomme, U., 5/93
Europe' S medicinal and aromatic seedlings: to their uses, trade and conservation. With Species Traffic in Danger Carryforward , Lange, D. 1998, International TRAFFIC, Cambridge, Great Britain

External bonds

taxonomic References

Photographs and charts of local distributions

Arnica Montana L.subsp Montana on Photoflora
Arnica Montana subsp. atlantica A.Bolòs on Photoflora
'' dry Arnicae flos ''
Chart of distribution of Hautes-Alpes (05)
Chart of distribution of Puy de Dôme (63)
Chart of distribution Wallonia

medicinal Uses

Montana Arnica on Passport Health
monograph of '' Arnicae flos '' (page 77) on the World Health Organization

Protection and Économie

National Inventory of the natural heritage
Montana Arnica on Traffic network

scientific Publications

Articles of Bomme U. in BioInfoBank Library
Thieme connect,
NCBI, Pubmed

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