Arnica

Arnica is one from approximately 30 S of perennial plants, herbaceous, pertaining to the family of the Asteraceae .

North America, while two are native to Eurasia ( A. angustifolia and A. Montana ).

Arnica used to Be included in the tribe Senecioneae, because it has off Pappus fine bristles. This was soon questioned and Nordenstam (1977) placed it tentatively in tribe Heliantheae s.l. This arrangement became also uncertain because off the Sesquiterpene Lactone chemistry in some species. Lately Arnica was placed in year unresolved clade together with Madiinae, Eupatorieae, Heliantheae s.s. and Pectidinae.

Several species, such ace Arnica Montana and Arnica chamissonis contain Helenalin, has sesquiterpene lactone that has major ingredient in Anti-inflammatory preparations (mostly against bruises). -->

Characteristics

Stem, that is usually unbranched. Their downy, opposite leaves are limits towards the Apex off the stem. The ovoid, leathery, basal leaves are arranged in has rivet washer.

Broad They show yellow orange gold flower S, 6-8 cm wide with 10-15 length ray florets and numerous disc florets. The phyllaries (= Bract under the flowerhead has) has long spreading hairs Each phyllary is associated with has ray floret. Species off Arnica , with year Involucre (= circle off bracts arranged surrounding the flower head has) arranged in two rows, cuts only to their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers cuts has slight Aromatic smell.

The seed-like Fruit has Pappus off plumose, white gold tan blade bristles. -->

List species

  • Arnica acaulis (Walt.) B.S.P.

  • Arnica alpina (L.) Olin - (synonymous with Arnica angustifolia subsp. alpina )
  • Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. - (synonymous with Arnica lanceolata subsp. amplexicaulis )
  • Arnica angustifolia Vahl
    • Arnica angustifolia subsp. alpina (L.) I.K. Ferguson
    • Arnica angustifolia subsp. tomentosa Downie & Denford
  • Arnica cernua T.J. Howell
  • Arnica chamissonis Less.
    • '' Arnica chamissonis '' subsp. '' foliosa '' (Nutt.) Maguire
  • Arnica cordifolia Hook.
  • Arnica dealbata Baldwin - (Synonymous: Whitneya dealbata )
  • Arnica discoidea Benth.
  • Arnica ×diversifolia Greene (pro sp.)
  • Arnica frigida A.C. Mey. ex Iljin - (synonymous with Arnica griscomii subsp. frigida )
  • Arnica fulgens Pursh
  • Arnica ×gracilis Rydb. - (Hybrid naturalness between Arnica latifolia and Arnica cordifolia )
  • Arnica griscomii Fernald
    • Arnica griscomii subsp. frigida (A.C. Mey. ex Iljin) S.J.Wolf
    • Arnica griscomii subsp. griscomii Downie & Denford
  • Arnica lanceolata Nutt.
    • Arnica lanceolata subsp. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Gruezo & Denford
    • Arnica lanceolata subsp. lanceolata Gruezo & Denford
  • Arnica latifolia Bong.
  • Arnica lessingii (Torr. & Gray) Greene
    • Arnica lessingii subsp. lessengii
    • Arnica lessingii subsp. norbergii Hult. & Maguire
  • Arnica lonchophylla Greene
    • Arnica lonchophylla subsp. arnoglossa (Greene) Maguire
    • Arnica lonchophylla subsp. lonchophylla
  • Arnica longifolia D.C. Eat.
  • Arnica louiseana Farr
  • Arnica mallotopus - (Synonymous: Mallotopus japonicus )
  • Arnica weakened Hook.
  • Arnica Montana L. -- Arnica of the mountains
    • Arnica Montana L. subsp. Montana
    • Arnica Montana subsp. atlantica A.Bolòs
  • Arnica nevadensis Gray
  • Arnica ovata Greene
  • Arnica parryi Gray
  • Arnica rydbergii Greene
  • Arnica sachalinensis (Regelation) A.Gray
  • Arnica sororia Greene
  • Arnica spathulata Greene
  • Arnica unalaschcensis Less.
  • Arnica venosa Hall
  • Arnica viscosa Gray

Etymology

  • “ Arnica ” would be a deformation of “ Ptarmica ”, “which makes sneeze”.
  • the word Arnica would mean skin of lamb by allusion to the soft and woolly sheets.

Reference

  • Species of the kind '' Arnica '' and some photographs.

  • Maguire, B. 1943 has monograph off the genus Arnica (Senecioneae, Compositae). Brittonia 4:386 - 510
  • Wolf, S.J. & K.E. Denford. 1984. Taxonomy off Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana. Rhodora Newspaper off the New England Botanical Club 86 (847): 239 - 309.
  • Nordenstam, B. 1977 Senecioneae and Liabeae-systematic review. In V.H. Heywood, J.B. Harborne, and B.L. Turner, The biology and chemistry off the Compositae, vol. II, 799-830. Academic Near, London, the U.K.
  • Baldwin, B.G. 1999 New combinations in Californian Arnica and Monolopia. Novon 9:460 - 461
  • Lily, G., T.J. Schmidt, H.L. Pahl, and I. Merfort. 1999 Anti-inflammatory activity off Arnica tincture (DAB 1998) using the transcription Factor NF-kappaB ace molecular target. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters 9:5 - 8
  • Wolf, S.J., and K.E. Denford. 1984 Taxonomy off Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana. Rhodora 86:239 - 309
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    Photograph gallery

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