Archiphoneme

An archiphoneme is a phonological unit gathering the distinctive characteristics of two or several Phonème S from which one at least is excluded in certain positions (closed syllable, final position…). I.e. the opposition between these phonemes is not carried out in these positions: it is neutralized . For example in metropolitan French the opposition enters the " o" opened and the " o" closed at the end of the mot. is neutralized Indeed, the " o" at the end of the mot. One can be only closed generally notes the archiphonemes using a capital letter: In final position, one says that the archiphoneme " /O/" is carried out closed.

Introduction

Quasi-universality of the phenomenon

The archiphonemes exist in very many languages. However they are exceptions to rules of pronunciation.

Distinction archiphoneme/allophone

It is advisable not to confuse archiphoneme and Allophone. The archiphonemes are distinct phonemes but whose realization of at least is impossible in certain cases, whereas the allophones are not distinct phonemes. Let us stress that the concepts of archiphonemes and allophones are relative to a language. For example the pair {/z/, /s/} does not constitute in Spanish of the different phonemes (no minimal pair distinguishes these sounds) but of the allophones, whereas they are two Phonème S distinct in many languages, of which French (minimal pair: " sauna" /" zona"). This pair precisely constitutes a French archiphoneme (" aztèque" : ).

Note concerning the dialects and accents

Let us add finally that the archiphonemes, as concepts phonological, relative to languages are spoken, and not written. What means that the various dialects and circumflex accents to the same written language can have different archiphonemes. For example there exist Canadian French archiphonemes who do not exist in French of the Metropolitan France (/I/, /Y/, /U/). In the tables which follow, except contrary mention, the archiphonemes correspond to the standard language indicated. For example the table corresponds to Spanish spoken in Spain. One could make some another (or several) for Spanish spoken in South America, Central America and Mexico.

Neutralization of the opposition between deaf and sound consonants

In French and in several other languages, the sound consonants (like B, D, G, J, v, Z) and the deaf consonants (like p, T, K, CH, F, S) form archiphonemes: b/p, d/t, g/k, j/ch, v/f, z/s. In front of a deaf consonant these archiphonemes carry out a deaf phoneme, and carry out a sound phoneme in front of a sound consonant. This rule is in particular valid in:

To add languages and examples It seems that the Italian avoids this phonetic problem by never not using a sound consonant after a deaf person or conversely, which makes useless this rule of euphony. (???) In the following tables, this rule is not recalled.

Archiphoneme and euphony

Just an idea…

Some archiphonemes in various languages

German

English

| | |- | | | | | |}

Spanish

| |only one nasal consonant is carried out in preconsonnantic position |- | style=" text-align: center; " | | style=" text-align: center; " | | | | |}

French

| |}

Japanese

The Pronunciation of Japanese.

| | |}

Dutch

It is noticed that these two rules are common to German, another Germanic language.

Russian

| |That corresponds to a rule of elementary orthography, one writes и instead of ы after к, г, х, ш, ч and щ. |}

Turkish

| | |}

Related articles

Internal bonds

  • Category: Pronunciation

  • Alphabet of Espéranto#Prononciation
  • Pronunciation of Dutch
  • Spanish phonology

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