Araméen

See also: Araméens

The araméen is today a group of Langue S and Dialecte S Semitic, of the family of the Afro-Asian Langues.

At sixth century BC, the araméen was the administrative language of the Persan empire. Third century BC until 650 apr. J. - C., it was the principal written language of the the Middle East. It gave its name to the Aramean alphabet with which it was written. The araméen could be used as Lingua franca .

One of the largest collections of texts in araméen achéménide, approximately 500, is that of the shelves of the fortifications of Persépolis.

Group

The current dialectal independent groups are:
  • the Western Néo-araméen (syriaque Westerner), spoken by a few thousands about speakers about three villages Syria NS about the Anti Lebanon, and probably by certain families of the diaspora in the Syrian and Lebanese cities and in America;
  • the Eastern néo-araméen (Neo-Syriac, syriaque vulgar), which would count hundreds of thousands of speakers in Occidental Asia, in the Caucasus and the diaspora (Europe, Americas, Australia), members of various Eastern Christian churches (see Assyrian), Juifs Targoum is (or Jewish Kurdish, to see Lishán didán and) or Mandéen S.

The dialectal Syriaque (called turoyo in Turkey, soureth in Iraq, etc) borrowed many words from the Arab .

Propagation

The papyrus araméens of Elephantine, witnesses of the life of a Jewish community in Egypt at the time achéménide, constitute another important corpus of texts.

Jewish community

The Book of Daniel and the Livre of Esdras are written partly in araméen.

Among the Handwritten of Qumran, a hundred consists of texts written in araméen, in particular of the translations of the Bible (Targoum S).

The Targoum Onkelos, traditionally allotted to Onkelos the Proselyte, is the official translation of the Torah used by the Jewish community of Babylon. The araméen was also the language employed by the Rabbin S which took part in the writing of the Talmud known as " of Babylon ". Language in which both Talmud S were written completely. Only the Mishna is written in Hebrew. Thus a student talmudic worthy of this name to often of better knowledge in araméen that in modern Hebrew.

Time of Jesus

The araméen was the usual language of the Palestine of the time of Jesus and remained it in all the area since the prophet Mani preached in araméen.

It is estimated that Jesus preached in araméen.

A sentence allotted to Jesus, “My God, my God, why did you give up me? ” is brought back by a different transcription in the Gospel according to Marc and the Gospel according to Matthieu.

The text of Westcott-Hort returns this quotation as follows:

  • In Matthieu  27: 46: “ελωι ελωι λεμα σαβαχθανι” (“elôi, elôi, lema sabachthani”).
  • In Marc  15: 34: “ελωι ελωι λαμα σαβαχθανι” (“elôi, elôi, LAMA sabachthani”).

The Codex Bezae , the versions of the Stephanus New Will (1550) and Scrivener New Testament (1894) give another version of Matthieu 27:46: “ηλι ηλι λαμα σαβαχθανι” (“êli, êli, LAMA sabachthani”). This transcription in Greek of the passage of Matthieu, ηλι, is closer to official Hebrew of the time.

TOB puts in note on the two verses which it is about a quotation in araméen of Psalms 22:2 (in Hebrew,). The Bible of Jerusalem puts in note on the verse of Marc 15:34: “Jesus had to pronounce in araméen, Élahî, transcribed Élôï, perhaps under the influence of Hebrew Élohim. ” These two translations transcribe Éli (Eli) for Matthieu, and Élôï (Eloï) for Marc.

The Middle Ages

The Zohar, delivers esoteric Jew written in Spain to the 13th century, is written in araméen.

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