The apple is the Fruit Pommier and, more particularly, Pommier domesticates, Fruit tree largely cultivated. The study of the culture of apples constitutes part of the Pomologie (pomology including all the fruits with pips). The apple is edible and has a taste sweetened or acidulated according to the varieties.

Generally, one distinguishes three types of food apples: the apples with Cider, the apples of Table or apples with Knife and the cooking apples which belong to one of the first two types but support cooking well. These three types result from the species Malus pumila which counts more 20  000 varieties throughout the world.

Several Boisson S is elaborate containing apples, in particular the Jus of apple without fermentation, sweetened and not ized alcohol, and the Cidre produces starting from the Fermentation of this juice.

Description

The apple is a fruit (in fact, a False-fruit) fleshy, of quasi spherical form, depressed at the top and the base, with homogeneous Pulpe (contrary to the Poire S which contain sclerified or stony Cellules). Certain old varieties had particular forms, like the apple api, rather punt and of spangled form pentagonal, or the Pigeonnet of Rouen, on the contrary very lengthened. The English Lemon pippin , old cooking apple, had the form and the color of a Citron.

Its size is very variable according to the varieties and the conditions of Végétation. Its color with maturity, energy of the green “apple” to the more or less dark red while passing by a large variety of intermediaries pale, yellow, orange green or more or less mixed colors.

At the top of the fruit (side opposed to that of the insertion of the Stalk), one can see the remainders of the Sépale S desiccated. Indeed, the apple is resulting from a Fleur called “to ovary infère and member”, i.e. the Périanthe, including/understanding sepals and Pétale S, is at the top of the ovary and that this last is welded with the floral Réceptacle.

On the botanical level, the apple is a complex fruit, intermediary between the bay and the Drupe. Certain botanists call “Piridion” this type of fruit, typical of the tribe of the Maleae .

In a transverse section, one can see in the center, the pips (seeds) two in each of the five cabins of the initial ovary, surrounded by a sclerified envelope (what points out the core of a drupe), the unit itself being surrounded of a thin pulp, which corresponds to the development of the wall of the ovary. Then a thin fibrous membrane marks separation with the receptacle which thickened considerably to form the essence of the flesh of the fruit. So that what we eat has in fact the nature of a Induvie, it is the envelope of the fruit, this one constituting the core.

Formation of an apple

The apple thus derives from an ovary infère to five cabins. The seeds (pips) are in these cabins whose wall corresponds to the endocarpe of the carpelles ones. The edible fleshy part corresponds to the Mésocarpe of carpelles and the conceptacle.

Etymology

The word “apple” comes from the Latin “ pomum ”, but this last word is a perfect example of False-friend: indeed, in Latin, the apple is called “malum” (which gave mixed Italian or mar in Rumanian), while “pomum” indicates any fruit - Pomona is the goddess of the fruits. The word “apple” replaced “ malum ” because, on the one hand, “ malum ” makes think of “ malus ”, the evil, and on the other hand, the apple remains the fruit, the “ pomum ”, par excellence. The use of the word apple to indicate a fruit perduré besides a long time, as the names testify some to Potato , of apple of Orange (old name of the orange) or of pine cone or Custard apple . The female kind of the French word comes from a confusion between the termination in - has Nominatif Pluriel of this neutral word ( poma ) and the current termination of the words female S of the first variation to personal the singular.

In French-speaking Africa, the word “apple” indicates the Potato, the apple as for it is indicated under the term of “apple-fruit” or “apple of France”.

History

The apple that we consume today is downward species Malus sieversii consumed by the man since the Neolithic on the plates of Central Asia. 3000 years ago, it was already consumed by the Chinese. It arrived by the Silk route at the Hebrew , the Greek and the Romain S. Pline Old the will index of them later approximately 100 variety S. Aujourd'hui, he would exist more than 20000 variety S, of which 7000 are cultivated throughout the world.

the Middle Ages, the Monastery S and the Couvent S played a big role in the development of its culture.

Formerly, one used the virtues Thérapeutique S of the apple which used the clothes industry of Onguent S (the word “Pommade” comes from the word “apple”).

Production

The orchard of apple trees is called a Pommeraie .

In the world

The apple is one of the first fruits consumed, after the Agrume S, the Banane and the Raisin. It annually collects approximately 64 million tons of apples in the world, including 25 million tons in China which multiplied by 2 its production in 10 years (source FAO 2005).

In Canada

With the Canada, 73  % of the apple harvest comes from five varieties: McIntosh, Red Delicious, Spartan, Empire and Idared. In the years 1990, the Canadian fruit growers planted new varieties like the Official reception, Fuji, the Braeburn, the Jonagold and the Honeycrisp.

In Europe

Europe produces 7,5 million tons of apples each year (including two million in France). Golden delicious (40  %), Official reception (15  %) and Granny smith (10  %) are the most widespread varieties in France. Their color, their firmness and their savor are variable.

Varieties classified by use

Multiple classifications are possible:

• by family of use (apples with knife, cider, to cook),
• by geographic origin, “country” or Soil S,
• per period of ripening (early Varieties (of summer), of autumn, guard),
• by intrinsic qualities (colors, rusticity, conservation, etc).

We propose here a classification of the varieties by destination (with knife, to cook or with cider). The same variety can be possibly found in several categories. For a more complete list, to see Varieties of apples.

Various varieties

Apples with knife

• Short-Hung red
• Golden delicious Delicious
• Granny Smith
• Mairac
• Apple Tramp
• Apple Fuji
• Apple Jacques Lebel
• Apple Royal official reception

Cooking apples

• Butter Apple
• Apple Coupette
• Apple Marsh
• Apple Without Similar of Peasgood (largest of apples)
• Apple The Queen
• white Transparent Apple
• Transparent Apple of Croncels
• Verdin Apple of winter
• white Rambour
• red Rambour

Cider apples

• white Bédange
• red Bédange
• Soft Corier
• Douzandin
• Mom Lili
• Marseigna
• Normandy White
• new Bitter Apple
• Apple Armagnac
• Apple Avrolles
• Apple Blanquette
• German Apple
• Apple of the Orchard
• Apple Skin of ass
• Apple Pear
• Apple President
• red Apple Rocket

Use

Nutritive contributions

The energy contribution of the apple (54  calories/100  G, is 85  kcal for an apple of intermediate size) comes not from greases, but from Fructose and assimilable Glucide S slowly by the organization. The profile Nutrition nel of apple in fact a fruit completely adapted to the sportsmen. Indeed, within the framework of physical-activities, the components of apple act in a beneficial way on the organization and this, front, during and after the effort.

It is in Vitamine C that the apple is best provided: in the external part of the Pulpe and more still in the skin, since this one contains four to five times more this Vitamine that the remainder of the fruit. Better is thus worth to crunch apple without peeling it, while having simply taken care however to wash it.

The other vitamins contained in apple, B1, B2, PP, B5, B6, B9, Provitamine has (β-carotene) and Vitamine E, also contributes to make of this fruit true a Abécédaire of the form.

The apple also contains Pectine (mainly in its pips). The Gel formed by pectin imprisons greases, thus controlling the rate of Cholestérol.

Researchers of the Université Cornell (E. - U.), whose study is appeared in June 2000 in the review Nature , highlighted that the potential Antioxydant contained in 100 grams of not peeled apple would be equivalent to 1500  Mg of vitamin C. But these compounds Antioxydant S, combined between them - Quercetin, Catéchine and épicatéchine, Procyanidine S of the family of the Flavonoïde S, which are Polyphénol S or “Tannin S” - and added to the benefits of the vitamin C, significantly reduces the growth of at least two types of cancerous cells : those of the Liver and the Colon.

Indeed, the compounds Phytochimique S contained in the flesh and more still in the skin of apples exert a protective role on the cells of our organization with respect to the free radical production of , harmful process implied in the genesis of the Cancer S.

The ripe apples contain 2-méthylbutanoate of ethyl (C₇H₁₄O₂), ester of the acetic Acid and isoamylic alcohol, with a configuration of the atoms different from the Acétate of isoamyl. The Ester S are produced by the degradation of the fatty-acids with long chain during the ripening of the cellular membranes of the fruits which are oxidized.

The apple drug

The apples contain various compounds which protect them from the Virus, the Bactérie S and the Moisissure S. By eating apples, the human being benefits from these Biomolécule S, like the Quercétine, which proves to be effective on the Cerveau rats.

A study transposes to the human beings the results obtained with the rats from laboratory: the daily consumption of an apple would reduce the risk of Maladie of Alzheimer and that of Parkinson.

Another study published in the review " Thorax" suggest today that the mothers who eat regularly apples (4 per week) whereas they are pregnant have less risks than the others to put at the world a asthmatic child .

The old man Canadian Dicton “ One APPLE has day keeps the doctor away ” (“an apple per day moves away the doctor”, or to respect the rhyme “an apple per day, in form always”) thus seems completely relevant.

The presence of pesticides

However, like many Fruit S or marketed Vegetable S, the apple can contain residues of Pesticide S. On average about thirty treatments are carried out during one season in a Verger of apple trees which is not led in Organic farming. These Pesticide S poses a true problem of Public health, and not only for the users who are most exposed, but also for the general population. Indeed, the effects of small quantities of Pesticide S, in mixture, for long periods present many health issues. The epidemiology shows us thus that the people exposed to the Pesticide S have more risk to develop many diseases than the others: Cancer, malformations Congenital S, problems of Infertility, problems Neurological S or Immune system weakened is more frequent on their premises! To reduce or avoid the exposure to the pesticides, to peel apple or to wash it with vinegar diluted to remove the residues on the surface though there does not exist any means to remove the pesticides absorptive by the fruit if is not to buy apples produced by the organic farming.

Receipts containing apples

The apples cooked with the Four are an ideal accompaniment and Diététique for all the white meats and the roll S.

Tarts, cakes and desserts:

• the Stewed apples
• the Gâteau with the apples
• the Pomme of love (with Butter, Sugar, Syrup of grenadine, etc)
• traditional the Apple tart
• celebrates It Tarte Tatin
• the apple fritters
• the rounded , Confiture of apples cooked in Cidre
• the Chips of apple
• the Crumble with the apples

Drinks containing apples

The principal drinks made containing apple juice are:

• the Juice of apple fresh or pasteurized;
• the Cider, whose producing areas in France are mainly the Normandy, the Brittany and the Pays of the Loire;
• the apple-brandy, which is a Brandy obtained by Distillation of the cider in a Alambic;
• the Cider of ice resulting from the alcoholic fermentation (thanks to the natural cold) of the apple juice;
• the pommel, an aperitif containing juice of apple and apple-brandy;
• the “Wine cooked”, drink worked out for the clothes industry of Dessert S in French-speaking Switzerland, also called “Raisinée” in the Canton of Vaud.
• the German Apfelsaft
• apple vinegar in Japan.

Symbolic system of apple

Ancient symbolic system

In the mythology gréco - Roman the apple is regarded as a gift in love as well as the pink for example; one finds of them many occurrences in erotic poetry, for example at Théocrite. Besides on several occasions that the apple (often out of gold) appears, in particular in:

• the race between Atalante and Hippomène: this last let choir in its race of the gold apples which enabled him to beat its rival;
• the gathering of gold the Apples of the garden of Hespérides, is eleventh work of Héraclès;
• the “bone of contention” launched by Éris, and which indirectly involved the Trojan War ( via the Jugement of Pâris). This disastrous event is itself at the origin of the departure of Énée and the foundation of Rome.

In the Bible (more precisely in the Book of the Genèse), it is after having crunched a prohibited fruit, identified wrongly with an apple, that Adam and Eve was driven out paradise. The apple thus remained associated with the Original sin , because of Latin translation of the Vulgate and the Latin name of the tree malus , which indicates a “bad” tree as well, i.e. prohibited, that a simple apple tree. Because of this confusion, the apple can symbolize the sex act as well (“to crunch apple”) that prohibited knowledge.

The “apples” can also be an erotic reference : they point out sometimes the centres of the women. With the Portugal, this fruit is regarded as Aphrodisiaque.

Other appearances of the fruit

• One cannot see only one chance in the little story which wants that Isaac Newton, according to the legend, would have included/understood the laws of the gravitation when it was awaked of a nap by the fall of an apple. This topic was taken again by Gotlib in Heading-with-brac and multiply emulously and under various clothes (falls of a pelican, a stone, Newton on an apple…).
• the nickname of the town of New York is “ big APPLE ” (“the large apple”).
• White-Snow and Alan Turing was poisoned by an apple.
• Guillaume Tell was obliged to draw an arrow in an apple posed on the head from his/her son.
• Maurice Chevalier sang: “My apple, it is me! ”, and Sacha Distel: “Of apples, pears and the Scoubidou S! ”.
• the apple is used as logo at the recording company of the Beatles .
• the company Apple gave the name of a variety of apple to a product range (Macintosh). The firm would have chosen this symbol because during their youths the founders were often in lack of money and regularly ate apples (which may find it beneficial to be nutritive). Some also think that it is in homage to Alan Turing.
• the film title Rambo comes from the Pomme Rambo.
• Starting from an apple and of two electrode S, one coppers some, and one out of aluminum, it is possible to manufacture a pile, making it possible to supply a small bulb in electric current.
• the expression to faint would be in fact a deformation to fall into pâmes or to fall in Pâmoison and would have nothing to do with the fruit.
• the expression it is for my apple means it is for me , that will be my turn . This expression often marks a form of disappointment.

• In the popular speech, the word “apple” is used to indicate a round face… like an apple: “it has a good apple”. It is also used by extension to nominate an obliging and a little naive person: “it is a good apple”. To the Quebec, one says “to sing apple” for Conter floweret or to make Gringue. One also says “to suck apple” to embrace itself or bécoter (see Claude Duneton, the Chip with the ear , Poche 1990).

• the apple tree was also one of the symbols of the countryside of Jacques Chirac in 1995 for its election with the presidency of the French Republic. The apple represented with the Pommier, the fruits of the France. The satirical emission the Puppets of information had modified its slogan of countryside besides of “Eat apples”: its family is originating in the Corrèze, large area producing of apples.
• In one of its tables, the artist Magritte employs an apple to support its work on the words and their representations. The fabric names " This is not Pas Pomme" , and is currently in the Museum Renee Magritte, with Brussels.
• a famous anecdote said that it is lengthened under an apple tree and observing the fall of an apple that Isaac Newton had the guiding idea of the theory of the Universal gravitation. In fact, number of work on the subject or in connection with General relativity have their cover illustrated by an apple. The work General Relativity of Robert Mr. Wald, for example, is illustrated of a table of Magritte entitled Beautiful Realities (1964).
• With the the United States, the apple is the traditional gift which one offers to the Enseignant S. It became by extension the symbol of the profession.

Others

• écomusée of apple, with Savigny-the-Temple (Seine-et-Marne)

• the house of apple, with Holy-Convenient-the-Pond (the Eure)
• important Foire of Apple is held each year the third weekend from October with Vimoutiers in Pays of Trough

External bonds

apple|Apple

• ''Biogeolsvt.info'': anatomy and formation of an apple;
• ''Lapomme.org'': all on apples;
• '' Agr.gc.ca '' varieties of apples in Canada;
• '' the apple in Brittany '' varieties of apples in Brittany: '' Apples with knife '' or '' cider apples '';
• ''1000pom.free.fr'': cards on 400 varieties of apple;
• ''Aprifel.com'': nutritional composition of apples;
• ''Bioinformatics.warwick.ac.uk'': APPLE database ;
• ''Brogdale'': United Kingdom national fruit collection ;
• ''Allaboutapples.com'': description of 700 varieties of apples;
• ''Library.wur.nl'': cards and old illustrations of many varieties of apple trees.

Sources

Random links:

Daniel Stylite | Stanley Hayer | Large Tarbes | Felissa Rose | Forgive me | Etymology of Apple