Apocryphal books (Bible)
See also: Apocryphal book
Apocryphe (of the Greek αποκρυφος, apókruphos , “hidden”) indicates, starting from the construction of the gun S, a writing considered as nonauthentic because judged, by the religious authorities, like not inspired by God. However, holy Jerome named “apocryphal books” the deuterocanonic pounds of the Old Testament although he regarded them as canonical.
The qualifier “ apocryphal books ” is given by the Protestants to certain texts called Deutérocanonique S by the catholics, who are in the Seventy and the Vulgate but not in the Hebraic Bible. The books of the Old Testament which the catholics name “ apocryphal books ”, are known as “ pseudépigraphes ” by the Protestants.
Apocryphal books and pseudépigraphes
Origène confuses the two concepts: “… which is put under the name of the saints understanding by saints the biblical characters, and which is apart from the “canonical Writings”. We are not unaware of, says it, that many of these secret writings were composed by irreligious people, those which highest make sound their iniquity, and that the heretics make great use of these fictions: such disciples of Basilide . We are not unaware of more than others of these apocryphal books, put under the name of saints, were composed by the Jews, perhaps to destroy the truth of our Writings and to establish false dogmas. But, in general, we should not reject in block, that of which we can draw some utility for the explanation from our Writings. It is the mark of a spirit wise to include/understand and apply the divine precept: “Test all, retain what is good” (Origène, In Matth. Com. , Ser XXVIII, T XIII collar 1637) .The doubt about the authenticity goes hand in hand with the doubt about the inspiration and is at the origin of the construction of the guns by an authority, because it is the criterion called upon to justify introduction or rejection of a text in the gun. The criterion of authenticity thus depends, as Origène shows it, on the confidence of the reader with regard to this authority.
Apocryphal books are however to distinguish from pseudépigraphe S , which is the works which one cannot ensure the origin, or allotted to a person which one knows that it is impossible that she wrote them itself. The modern Exégèse showed that it is the case of several canonical texts. In fact, the criteria of authenticity notably evolved/moved since the time of the construction of the guns. Antiquity admitted as authentic a writing which had not been directly written by its appointed author but who reflected the thought of it, for example if it emanated from a group of disciples.
The apocryphal books are invaluable to study literary forms like the context of production of canonical works and to know the dissenting religious movements of the Judaism and Christianity old.
Deuterocanonic pounds (apocryphal books in Protestantism)
Deutérocanonique (of the Greek δευτερος, second) means " entered the canon" secondarily; , which does not imply a hierarchisation of the degree of inspiration .The catholic Church names apocryphal books the texts which it did not retain in its gun while the Églises resulting from the Réforme name them pseudépigraphes . With regard to the writings of the Old Testament, it names deuterocanonic those which the Churches Protestant S name apocryphal books .
This difference is due to the fact that the Christianisme initially held for inspired the Seventy which contains many books which were not in the Hebraic Bible. With the XVIe century, the humanistic ones like Didier Érasme and Jacques Lefèvre d' Étaples, as well as the Protestant return to the Hebrew text where Jerome had compiled the Greek and Hebraic sources.
Catholique S and orthodoxe makes the point that the short gun, retained by the reformed Churches, was fixed by Jewish doctors at the Synode of Jamnia, after the appearance of the Christianisme and in reaction against him.
The deuterocanonic pounds of the New Testament are very generally accepted by the Christian Églises.
See the specific article deuterocanonic Pounds
Writings intertestamentaires and manuscripts of Qumrân
The apocryphal books of the Old Testament constitute a corpus of texts very varied from the literature Juive (but which primarily reached us via the Christianisme), from the IIe front century J. - C. at the end of the Ier century, which took seat in no gun.Also called Written intertestamentaires , they does not include/understand normally the writings of Qumrân (but André Dupont-To summon included there), nor philosophical writings hellenistic, the rabbinical Targums and writings.
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biblical Antiquités
- Apocalypse of Abraham
- Apocalypse of Daniel
- Apocalypse of Elie
- Apocalypse of Brace
- Apocalypse of Sophonie
- Apocalypse of Ezéchiel
- Apocryphe of the Genesis
- Ascension of Brace
- 2 Baruch
- 3 Baruch
- Bénédictions
- Commentaire of Habaquq
- Commentaire of the Psalms
- Writes of Damas
- 4 Esdras
- Florilège
- Règlement of the war
- 1 Hénoch
- 2 Hénoch
- 3 Hénoch
- Joseph and Aséneth
- Jubilés
- 3 Maccabées
- Hebraic Légende of Melkisédeq
- Livre mysteries
- sibylline Oracles
- Paralipomènes de Jérémie
- Pièges of the woman
- Psaumes of Solomon
- Questions of Esdras
- Règle of the Community
- Règle annexes the Community
- Rouleau of the Temple
- Testament of Abraham
- Testament of Aser
- Testament of Benjamin
- Testament of daN
- Testament of Gad
- Testament of Isaac
- Testament of Issachar
- Testament of Jacob
- Testament of Job
- Testament of Joseph
- Testament of Juda
- Testament of Lévi
- Testament of Brace
- Testament of Nephtali
- Testament of Ruben
- Will of Solomon
- Will of Siméon
- Will of Zabulon
- Testimonia
- Greek Life of Adam and Eve
Writings Christian apocryphal books
It is about a unit, him also very heterogeneous, texts whose dates of drafting are variable and who are located in margin of the orthodoxe Christianisme, testifying in particular to the tendencies gnostic Judeo-Christian and .-
Acts of Andre
- Acts of Andre and Matthieu
- Acts of Andre and Paul
- Acts of Andre and Pierre
- Acts of Barnabe
- Acts of Jacques
- Acts of Jean
- Acts of Jean according to the Pseudo-Prochore
- Acts of Jean to Rome
- Acts of Marc
- Acts of Paul
- Acts of Philippe
- Acts of Pierre
- Acts of Pierre and the twelve apostles
- Acts of Pilate or Gospel of Nicodème
- Acts of Thaddée
- Acts of Thomas
- Acts of Timothée
- Acts of Tite
- Apocalypse of Esdras
- Apocalypse of Etienne
- 1st Apocalypse of Jacques
- 2nd Apocalypse of Jacques
- 1st Apocalypse of Jean
- 2nd Apocalypse of Jean
- 3rd Apocalypse of Jean
- Apocalypse of Paul
- Apocalypse of Pierre
- Apocalypse of Sedrach
- Rise of Isaïe
- Correspondence of Paul with the Corinthians (ac Paul X)
- Correspondence of Paul and Sénèque
- Doctrines of the apostle Addaï
- Dormition of Marie of the Pseudo-Jean
- Praise of Jean-Baptiste
- Book of the revelation of Elkasaï
- Epistle of the apostles
- Epistle in Laodicéens
- Epistle in Lentulus
- Epistle of Pierre with Philippe
- 5 Esdras
- 6 Esdras
- Arab Gospel of Jean
- Armenian Gospel of Childhood
- Gospel of Barnabas
- Gospel of Gamaliel
- Gospel of Judas
- Gospel of Marie-madeleine
- Gospel of Philippe
- Gospel of Pierre
- Gospel of the Pseudo-Matthieu
- secret Gospel of Marc
- Gospel according to Thomas
- Fragments evangelic
- History of the childhood of Jesus or Gospel of childhood according to Thomas
- History of Joseph the carpenter
- History of the Virgin
- Homélies of the Pseudo-Clement
- Legend of Simon and Théonoé
- Book of the nativity of Marie
- Book of Thomas the athlete
- Odes of Solomon
- Protévangile of Jacques
- Questions of Barthelemy
- Recognitions of the Pseudo-Clement
- Book of the Resurrection of Jesus-Christ according to the apostle Barthelemy
- Will of the Lord
- Life of Arabic Jesus