Aphelinidae

The Aphelinidae are a family of insects Hyménoptère S Apocrite Terebrant of the super family of the Chalcidoidea . It is a family of entomophagous Insectes very much used in biological Lutte.

Morphology

Chalcidien of small size (0,6 to 2 mm). Lengthened body, varying pale yellow with dark chestnut, seldom of metallic luster.

Small, little slérifié, nonmetal,
very transverse Head in definitely separated eyes,
Antenna from 3 to 9 articles,
Abdomen attached well to the thorax,
Tarsus to 4 or 5 articles,
rather long marginal Vein, but stigma short,
not very visible Ovipositeur.

They are different from the Eulophidae by:

the absence of throttling between thorax and abdomen.

Taxonomy: subfamilies and kinds

The Aphelinidae are divided into 7 pennies families, including 2 principal: Aphelininae (300 species), Coccophaginae (700 species), and 5 secondaries by their number of species: Eretmocerinae (52 species), Eriaporinae (22 species), Azotinae (90 species), Calesinae (3 species) and Eriaphytinae (2 species)).

This family comprises 33 kinds gathering 1 ' 200 described species.

some kinds:
Aphelininae : Aphelinus , Aphytis , Marlatiella , Marietta , Tumidiscapus , Centrodora , Neocales , Dirphys , Mesidia , Mesidiopsis , Bestiola .
Coccophaginae : Azotus , Ablerus , Encarsia , Physcus , Euxanthellus , Coccophagus , Aneristus , Prococcophagus , Prophyscus , Timbermlakiella , Lounsburyia , Coccophagoides , Aspidiotiphagus , Prospaltella .
Eriaporinae : Eriasporus , Myiocnema , Eunostiscus .
Eretmocerinae and other kinds: Eretmocerus , Holds , Artas , Tetracyclos , Pteroptrix , Bardylis , Hispaniella , Archenosmus , Aphelosoma .

Biology

It is as a large majority of the ecto or endoparasites of Hémiptère S sternorrhynches: cochineal S, Plant louse S, Aleurode S. Some parasitize eggs of Orthoptère S, Lépidoptère S or eggs, larvae, pupes of Diptère S or Dryinidae .

30% of between-them are hyperparasites of Aphelinidae or Chalcidoidea. The males are also sometimes hyperparasites with regard to the females.

Bisexual family, but often the males are rare and the Parthénogénèse is thus frequent. Fruitfulness varies from 200 to 500 eggs.

The Aphelinus parasitize the Puceron S. The kinds Encarsia , Eretmocerus attack the Aleurode S. The kinds Aphytis , Coccophagus develop with depends on the cochineal S. Their cycle hard from 10 to 30 days.

The kinds Marietta and Azotus are hyperparasites of cochineal S via Hyménoptères.

Use in biological fight

The Aphelinidae constitute one of the most important families used in biological Lutte with more than 90 successes of acclimatizations.

Aphelinus Mali parasite the lanigerous Plant louse of the apple tree Eriosoma lanigerum (cochineal in fact). Of American origin, it was introduced successfully in France in 1920. It lays an egg by host. It can be in its turn parasitized by the Pteromalides Asaphes and Pachineuron .
Encarsia formosa is marketed and used with effectiveness against the Aleurode of the greenhouses ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ), on cultures of Tomate S, Concombre S and decorative Plante S.
Prospaltella perniciosus was introduced in Europe and was acclimatized against Quadraspidotius perniciosus (louse of San Jose).
Introduces in 1963, Prospaltella berlesei was released in 5 places with Madagascar to fight the Cochenille of the mulberry tree on the orchards Pêcher S. It does not have there had recapture since.

References

Cendana, S.M. 1937. Studies there the biology off Coccophagus (Hymenoptera) is genus parasitic one nondiaspine Coccidae. University off California Publications in Entomology 6 (14): 337-399.
Clausen, C.P. 1940. Entomophagous Insects: 688pp. McGraw Hill, New York; London.
Tool bag, C. 1965. Hymenoptera Aphelinidae of Europe and the Mediterranean basin: 206pp. Masson and Co, Paris.
Graham, M.W.R. of V. 1976. The British species off Aphelinus with notes and descriptions off other European Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 1 (2): 123-146.
Hayat, Mr. 1983. The generated off Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) off the World. Systematic Entomology 8:63 - 102.
Hayat, Mr. 1998. Aphelinidae off India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): taxonomic revision has. Memoirs one International Entomology 13: viii+416pp.
Huang, J. & Polaszek, A. 1998. With revision off the Chinese species off Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae ): parasitoids off whiteflies, scale insects and aphids (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae , Diaspididae , Aphidoidea ). Newspaper off Natural History 32:1825 - 1966.
Peck, O. Boucek, Z. & Hoffer, A. 1964. Keys to the Chalcidoidea off Czechoslovakia (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Memoirs off the Entomological Society off Canada No 34:170 p, 289 figs.
Rosen, D. & DeBach, P. 1979. Species off Aphytis off the World (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae ). Series Entomologica 17:801 pp.
Viggiani, G. 1984. Bionomics off the Aphelinidae . Annual Review off Entomology 29:257 - 276

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