Antoine Héroët
Antoine Héroët , or Herouet , born towards 1492 and died towards 1567, was a Poète and a Clerc French of the 16th century.
Biography
A dubious birth date
Antoine Héroët would have been born in 1492, according to Frederic Godefroy. This date will be taken again by all the later biographers, but one is still unaware of on which document Frederic Godefroy was pressed. The date thus remains hypothetical.
The family of Antoine Héroët
Antoine Héroët was the son of Jean Hérouet , a treasurer of the king, and Marie Malingre . His/her father made build in the Marsh the Herouet hotel, which still exists, recognizable with his turret, which dominates the crossroads of the street of Francs-Bourgeois and the street Old woman-of-Temple.
Jean Hérouet
Jean Hérouet was perhaps originating in Normandy. There exists a hamlet of this name in the canton of Octeville, to 4 km in the south-west of the center of Cherbourg. And it is known that, on May 7th 1532, Jacques Hérouet, holder hereditary of a sergentery concerned with the Viscount of Avranches, made statement of faith and homage for this stronghold. There remains however impossible to locate with certainty the family origins in this small seigniory Norman; but Hérouet seemed to maintain the regular relationship with this province. Moreover, in 1499, Jehan Herouet was civil Greffier of the chess-board of Normandy, or civil clerk as a chief with the Parlement of Rouen. Was it about the Parisian treasurer? One knows that Jean Hérouet was often operations manager remote, as far as Italy. However the station was important because this year the chess-board of Normandy, which was an intermittent medieval court, became the Parliament of Rouen. Jean Hérouet can thus have been charged to contribute to the organization of the new institution.
Thereafter, in 1502, Jean Hérouet was treasurer with Milan. There, it would have been devoted to embezzlements which broke, seems it, its career: one loses any trace of him in the royal entourage. It is still in life in 1508, since in January, with Blois, Louis XII, instituted at the request of Jean Herouet, Career-under-Wood lord, two annual fairs to that the place, one the day of the Saint-Vincent, the other the shortly after the Saint-Pierre in June, and a market Monday of each week. Jean Hérouet had acquired this stronghold of his marriage.
Marie Malingre
The mother of Antoine Héroët belonged, it, with a family installed already well Parisian Noblesse de robe. October 30th 1465, Nicolas Malingre, usher of the room of the accounts, had received letters of ennoblement of Louis XI. His/her daughter, Marie, aunt of the mother of Antoine Héroët, married Hector Hyon, lord of Careers, thus inserting the stronghold in the family.
November 14th 1470, Jean Malingre, wire of Nicolas, was accepted to advise with the Parlement of Paris. He married Blanche Roland, which also belonged to a family of the noblesse de robe. Marie Malingre would have been their first child. She had itself six children of her marriage with Jean Herouet, named Nicolas, Georges, Antoine, Louise, Marie and Jean. September 15th 1515, Marie Malingre, who thus became widowed, remaria with Jean Ballue, told to the young person , nephew of the cardinal Balue, lord of Villepreux, Gouaix, Ermet, Cervolle and the Mound-Bonot. This one became in 1520 Main of hotel of the queen of Navarre and rider slicing dolphin. This alliance again brought the family closer to the court, and Antoine Héroët benefitted all his life from these bonds.
Youth and studies
Perhaps Antoine Héroët lived his first years in the Hérouet hotel, unless it was not placed as a nurse in the countryside, as that was practiced at the time. One wondered about the studies which led it to become humanistic. Its biographer Colletet reports that he studied in Paris. The family tradition led certainly it to study the right initially. That supposed at the time being bilingual: all the profession worked indeed still in Latin. It seems well to be promised with a legal career, because on April 2nd 1527, a Antoine Hérouet was named listener with the Châtelet. One does not know a homonym to him in Paris, and it is all the more probably about him that he reached thereafter other titles of the legal career.
But did Antoine Héroët limit itself to studies of right? Wire of an easy family, it undoubtedly could study with its own way. According to J. Hutton, Jean Salmon Macrin and Hérouet already knew themselves in 1515 at least. Did Antoine study the Greek with Salmon Macrin under the aegis of Aléandre and perhaps of Lefebvre d' Etaples? One knows no testimony going in this direction. But works of Héroët show its interest for Plato, which is at the time a feature characteristic of the intellectual Renaissance. According to Andre-Jean Festugière, Héroët not only took as a starting point Plato, but also of Italian texts not translated, which supposes that he also knew this language. If one is unaware of if Héroët to have had a sufficient access to the original text of Plato, one knows at least that he says, in its Androgyne , to take as a starting point Marsile Ficin. This beam of indices in any case makes it possible to register Héroët in mobility neoplatonician of humanistic of the beginning of the 16th century.
In the entourage of Marguerite de Navarre
In 1524, Antoine Héroët accepted Marguerite de Navarre, sister of François I {{er}}, a pension of 200 pounds. The sum was important and allowed him to live comfortably. Obviously, the position of his/her father-in-law, Master of hotel of the queen of Navarre, had been useful to him. But if the sister of the king is interested in him, it is perhaps also because of its human qualities: one made seems it call to him in arbitrations. That especially enabled him to approach the erudite and refined court the humanistic ones, artists and poets who surrounded Marguerite, and who was one of the crucibles of the French Renaissance. At the time, the most important figure was Clément Marot, named manservant of the king in 1528.Héroët had to like it, because in 1529 he became “extraordinary boarder” of Marguerite de Navarre and Louise of Savoy, pension which lasted until in 1539. One found a lease signed by him on July 25th 1532, which proves that he probably lived outside the court. According to this lease, Antoine Héroët, lord of House-New, rented a house street of Bretonnerie. The seigniory of House-New was a small back stronghold of Career-under-Wood, and undoubtedly an income allocated by its family.
Poetic beginnings
One is unaware of when Héroët started to make worms. It seems to have published its poetries tardily, and contrary with use, did not make precede its publications by any panegyrical, which could have brought information to us. By the diverted way of musicology, one knows however that he already wrote in 1533: Clément Jannequin composed indeed on this date a partition for the poem “Have pity of the great evil which I endure”. It is also known that in 1535, Clément Marot wrote Ferrare where, shown Protestantism, it was taken refuge, the Blason of beautiful the tétin which Héroët answers like many of other poets by a Blason of the eye .
The same year, the anonymous author of the Panégyrique of the young ladies compared Héroët with Horace, by making a Paronomase on the two names, process running in the poetic praise S at the sixteenth century. This incipient celebrity is undoubtedly explained by the publication of the Androgyne according to Plato, whom it however introduced to the king only the following year, in 1536: François Ier had insisted to know this poem finally, but Hérouet was excused while affirming to be dissatisfied with its worms and for this reason “to lengthily hold them in silence”.
This official recognition marked the true beginning of the literary fame of Antoine Héroët. In 1537, Salmon Macrin dedicates a Latin Hymne to him; and Fripelippes calls upon its authority in the quarrel of Marot against Sagon. Lastly, the same year, Antoine de Saix makes again the praise of sound Androgyne . 1538 was certainly revolving in the career of this humanistic courtier, legal man and poet. The king indeed gave him the benefit of the abbey of Cercanceaux, vacant by the death of his abbot, Jean de Moles. In the act, Antoine Héroët is designated under the title of Maître ordinary requests of the king and the queen of Navarre, but it is perhaps about a load of kindness. This benefit gave him important incomes in any case; the following year, it ceased being reproduced on the accounts of Louise of Savoy and Marguerite de Navarre: the income of the abbey of Cercanceaux replaced probably the pension of the mother and the sister of the king.
The clerk
The bubble of pontifical nomination of August 23rd 1538 watch which the poet cumulates the ecclesiastical benefit, a current practice at the time. He was at the same time cleaned of Saint-Germain de Villepreux, whose his Jean father-in-law of Balue was lord, priest of Holy-Genevieve of Lindry, in the Yonne and finally Prieur commendataire of Nesles-the-Gilberte, close to Rozay-in-Brie. In 1544, one finds it Chapelain Saint-Louis vault founded in the Saint-Denis church of Coulommiers. Lastly, in 1552, it became 22e prior commendataire of Saint-Éloi of Longjumeau.
Contrary to much of its contemporaries, it seems to have taken with serious its functions to profit. It thus paid one serving in Coulommiers, Nicolas Alleaume, to make say the mass in the vault of which it with the load. But it is especially in Cercanceaux that its implication is most visible. Initially, it resided in its abbey: one knows by his will that there are pieces of furniture; that it asks to be buried there; that it has there a herd of cows which it leaves with his/her cousin; that he would like finally that its nephew is abbot after him. Two acts in the notaries of Castle-Landon prove moreover that it continued to deal with its abbey even when he was bishop of Digne. In 1630, in its History of Gâtinais , Dom Morin quotes only Antoine Héroët among the former abbots of Cercanceaux, and reports that this one made repairs and marked them of its blazon:
Mister the bishop of Worthy Anthoine Hérouet succeeded, iceluy made some repairs in the aforementioned abbey, & one sees his weapons in several places, which are two lyons & a grooved band or heavy shower.work however was not paid yet with its death, because the baillif of Nemours seizes the succession of Heroët, to finish regulating them. But for the monks of 1630, it is the only abbot who left a memory, and it is a positive memory.
The apogee of the poetic career
During the fifteen years which separated its nomination from abbot of Cercanceaux of that of bishop of Digne, the poetic fame of Antoine Héroët did not cease growing.
The praise of the pars
In 1539, Etienne Dolet quotes Antoine Héroët, “excel translator, illustrator of the high direction of Plato”. And Marot again calls upon it in a quarrel against Mellin of Saint-Froze, by calling it “Thony”. Later, in 1543, it affirms that Héroët is one of the three large French poets of the time. Claude Chapuys qualifies his style of “heroic”. Charles of Holy-Marthe, publishes to him in 1540 a Élégie time of France , in which it quotes Héroët as well as Mellin of Saint-Froze or that Maurice Scève, and evokes its friendship with Charles Fontaine. In 1548, Thomas Sébillet sets up Antoine Héroët in model for all the poets.In 1542, Héroët made print most important of its works, the Parfaicte Amye de Court at Etienne Dolet, while announcing to the printer that it is made call New Maison , feudal name which seems to be used only in the restricted circle of the court. But the printer chooses in the place to register Héroet , a form sails about it near some grammairiens of the time, but which despized of any written tradition. In this controversy, Héroët accepted the support of Charles Fontaine, author of a Contr' amye of Short .
In 1544, from now on only lord of the stronghold of House-New, that it divided until there with one of his brothers, Antoine Héroët again publishes the Androgyne , and the Parfaicte Amye , in Mesprit of the court , a collective work which was several times republished in the following years. The year 1547 sees finally the publication of the Opuscules of love by Antoine Héroët, Borderie “and another divine poets” at Turn to Lyon.
The more moderate admiration of the new generation
In 1549, it is with the turn of Of Bellay to offer a long poem to him to its glory, of which here an extract:But after this dithyrambic poem, Of Bellay attacks in the Défense and illustration of the French language the authors who imitate Héroët like Marot:
also this is thing largely to be begun again, even odious with any reader of liberal nature, to see in the same language such an imitation, like that of aucuns erudite same, which is estimated to be the best when more they resemble Heroët or Marot. | '' Défense and illustration of French language '' I, 8.
French is not according to the Pleiad not yet a sufficiently poetic language so that one can imitate the authors of the past. But criticism is done then more direct, though buckled:
The other, in addition to its ryme, which is not by any rich good, is stripped so much of all these poetic delights & ornementz, which it deserves more the name of phylosophe than of poëte. | '' Défense and illustration of the French language '', II.
In spite of these reserves, in 1550, Of Bellay, in its Musagnoeomachie , puts in scene Héroët and Marot in the troop which fights against ignorance. The same year, François Habert quotes Héroët all at the beginning of its list of the poets of the time. Lastly, last dedication of the new generation, Ronsard speaks in praise of Héroët in the foreword of its Odes .
In 1555, Jacques Peletier of Mans praises in its turn qualities of the poet:
I still saw French Poetry drawn up better with my liking, neither more sententious, nor where it had there less to repeat: that the Perfect Friend of Antoine Héroët. | poetic Art .
The second career of Antoine Héroët
Starting from this date, the praises become fewer. The poet indeed seems more not to write, even if it is republished regularly.After 1542, Marguerite de Navarre is occupied by the businesses of its kingdom. She lives far from Paris and its influence decreases more especially as its entourage is shown of Protestantism. Héroët was perhaps a new guard in the person of the Connétable Anne de Montmorency, then in disgrace, which built the Château of Écouen and surrounded by a court the humanistic ones. The canopies of the castle are indeed decorated by huitains of Chappuys, of Saint-Froze, and Héroët, signed name of House-New. The constable of Montmorency, that Brantôme reports, one called “the large rabrouor”, was an enthusiastic catholic, which puts at evil the charges about the interest that Héroët for Protestantism carried.
One knows by the many notarial acts which it left in Paris that it took an active part in the life of the family, by managing important sums sometimes. In November 1544, Antoine Héroët acts thus for the account of Gaston Olivier in the purchase of two houses street Old woman-of-Temple, one where Antoine remained, and the other where placed his/her mother, Marie Malingre and the second husband of this one, Jean of Ballue. Georges Hérouet, brother of Antoine, had married Madeleine Olivier. Olivier belonged to a family of the noblesse de robe well in court, which had also benefitted from the support of Marguerite de Navarre. May 18th 1545, one of them, François Olivier becomes Chancelier of France. Antoine Héroët “was usually in his court… ”. Meanwhile, the constable of Montmorency had returned to the businesses. Héroët thus had again two powerful guards.
An end-of-life little known
In 1551, Henri II named Antoine Héroët bishop of Digne. In the act, one gave him the ferroaluminium adviser title “and ordinary aulmosnier maistre Anthoine Heroët, abbot of Cercanceaulx”. The advisers of the king, and even the chaplains were rather numerous, but this office plurality is the proof all the same that the character was well in court, without one knowing very well with which title. One then loses almost any trace of Héroët. The men of the 16th century wrote Mémoires much, and the life of the court of the Valois is well-known. But to traverse the indices of the memories of time, nothing is found. Nothing either in the works which report the political life. Contrary to what was known as later, it does not leave any trace in the religious arguments of the time. Some notarial acts in the files show a normal family life. In Digne, it also leaves few traces.
One even a long time was unaware of the exact date of his death, which one located in 1568. In fact if it seems that he took part in the general meeting of the clergy which begins on October 25th 1567, his successor with Cercanceaux, the cardinal of Bourbon, is named in Rome on December 20th, and the act precise that Héroët died.
Works
The influence of the Néoplatonisme on Héroët is marked as among other poets of time by a Idéalisme which mixes the love with the divine one. The sensual love is opposed there to a spiritual love which brings to the comprehension of the Idée S and thus represents the successful synthesis of Truth, the Beautiful and the Good, reality and spirituality. These Commonplaces is translated into a philosophical poetry, which seeks to express by the figures of the Métaphore, of the Paradoxe and the Pointe spiritual rise necessary to reach this ideal love, which Héroët defines as one “I scay what”. This esthetics is illustrated by this extract of the Complaincte of a Lady surprinse lately of love of Héroët:
-
the Androgyne of Plato , versified translation drawn up from that of Marsile Ficin;
- 1542 the Perfect Friend .
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