Anthropomorphic device of test

The anthropomorphic devices of test (DAE) or mannequins of impact test (“ Crash landing test dummies ” in English), are counterparts size-real of human beings, ballasted and articulated so as to simulate the behavior of a human body. They are equipped with instruments recording as many data as possible on the accidents, like the Speed and the force of impact of various parts of the body at the time of a Choc. They remain essential for the development of new models Automobile S, while making it possible to the engineers to design surer vehicles.

Need for tests

The August 31st, 1869, Mary Ward probably became the first victim of a road accident, by leading a car to vapor (Karl Benz did not invent the car with gasoline such as one knows it only in 1886). Mary Ward was ejected vehicle and succumbed to its wounds, with Birr, Ireland. Several years later, the September 13rd 1899, Henri Bliss becomes the first victim of the American road, while going down from a tram. Since then, more than 20 million people lost their life in a road accident throughout the world.

The need for a means for analysis for the effects of the automobile accidents on the human body arised quickly after the beginning of the commercial production of cars, at the end of the years 1890, while with the end of the year 1930, the motorized vehicles spreading themselves and becoming integral part of the daily life, the road safety becomes an important subject. Reaching death rates of the top raised, the car manufacturers transfer a clear indication of the need there to invest in research aiming at producing sourer vehicles.

In 1930, the cockpit of a car presented important dangers, even for a collision at low speed. The Instrument panel was made out of rigid metal, the steering column was also rigid, and the buttons and levers many and complicated. The safety belts was then completely non-existent, and in the event of collision, the passengers were projected through the Pare-brise, which involved a serious death rate and wounds high. The vehicle being also rigid, all the force of the shock was transmitted to its occupants. Until in the years 1950, the automobile manufacturers affirmed that the road accidents could not be less fatal, being given the forces in presence vis-a-vis the brittleness of the human body.

Tests with corpses

The Wayne State University with Détroit was the first to be carried out test serious, with an aim of collecting data on the behavior of the human body at the time of collisions. At the end of the years 1930, it did not exist yet aucunes given reliable concerning the response of the human body to wounds extrèmes, and no device then made it possible to collect some. The Biomécanique was not whereas with its stammerings.

The first subjects of the tests used were Cadavre S. They were used to determine how the human body reacted to the forces and the shocks sudden at the time of an accident. To this end, of the rolls of the dice were projected on Crâne S, and corpses were released top of lift shaft on steel plates. Others were teams of Accéléromètre S and positioned in cars, sui was then subjected to head-on collisions.

An article published in 1995 in the review Newspaper off Trauma , entitled " Human benefit of the use of corpse in research for the prevention of the traumatismes" (English: Humanitarian Benefits off Cadaver Research one Injury Prevention), clearly put forward the number of human lives saved continuation aus tests on corpses. It notes in particular that following this research, 61 people survive each year thanks to a safety belt, 147 thanks to a Airbag, and 68 an impact with the windshield.

However, the use of corpses created almost as many problems as it solved some. Not only the moral aspects and ethical concerning the use of corpses raised question, but experimental problems also appeared. The majority of the bodies employed were white American, died following death non-violent, who did not represent a representative sample. The victims died with the continuations of accidents could not be used, because very given collected on such a corpse would be comprmise by the undergone preceding wounds. Moreover, each coprs nétant usable that once, and all being different, it was extrèmement difficult to produce reliable data of comparison. Moreover, it was difficult for the researchers to get corpses of children, and the public opinion and the legislation prohibited practically their use. Finally, the tests with corpses becoming increasingly current, those become increasingly rare. Consequently, the data Biométrique S were limited, and concerned primarily white and old men.

There exists has Marseilles a mixed research unit to manage by the university of the Mediterranean and the inrets (national research institute on transport and safety) which carried out many tests on bodies to give to science there are tests full-scale (full scale) or split tests which are specific has part of the body all that is useful has to validate a digital model for in the future carrying out numerical reliable and reproducible essis ad infinitum here a bond which you in dirat more on this laboratory of biomechanics applied (LBA) http://www.inrets.fr/infos/centres/paca/lba/lbasynth.htm

Tests with volunteers

Certain researchers went voluntary to be used as support of the test. Colonel John Paul Stapp was precipitated with more than 1000 km/h, and stopped into 1.4 second. Lawrence Patrick, a professor of Wayne State University carries out approximately 400 tests, in order to analyze the effects of the rapids accelerations on the human body. He and its students made it possible to be made strike the chest by heavy Pendule S, or the face by pneumatic drills, like receiving glares of glasses in order to simulate the bursting of the windshield. While admitting that made him " a little bit mal" , Patrick and his students affirmed that research that him and its students carried out were fundamental in order to develop a Mathematical model to which could be compared future experiments. However, although these human tests were useful, it could not exceed some limiting, in order not to wound the researchers excessively. It was thus necessary to develop another type of mannequin to collect more precise data.

Tests with animals

About the middle of the years 1950, the majority of information which the tests with corpses could provide had been collected. It was also necessary to collect data on the survavibility, research for which the corpses were by definition inadequate. Being also given the lack of corpse, these needs forced the researchers to find other models.

An important objective of the research which could not be carried out with corpses or volunteers was the means of reducing the wounds caused by empalement of the driver on the steering column. In 1964, more than one million death were allotted to an impact with the stealing, forming a significant percentage of the full number of victims of the road. The introduction by General Motors of a column steering compressible to the beginning of the year 1960 tiny room this risk of 50%. The animals most used for these tests were the Cochon S, mainly for their internal structure similar to that of the man. The pigs can also be placed in a vehicle of manner close to that to the sitted human being.

The capacity to hold sitted and right was an important criterion of selection of the animals of test, so that another traumatism running on the human beings, the Décapitation can be studied. In the same way, it was important to determine up to which point the cockpit of the vehicle was to be modified, in order to ensure of the maximum chances of survival. For example, a coating on the instrument panel which would be too rigid, or too flexible, would not significantly reduce the wounds to the head, compared to an instrument panel without coating. In the same way, although essential to the handling of the vehicle, the levers and buttons furnishing the instrument panel were to be conceived in order to reduce the risks of wounds.

Whereas the tests using the corpses had met a little reserves, primarily on behalf of the religious authorities, they were accepted, because deaths having died, they did not feel any sorrow and their somewhat innapprorié treatment was justified by the saved lives. The tests on the animals, on the other hand, woke up much more passion. The defenders of the animals undertook virulent protests and whereas the researchers supported these tests for their data reliable and easily usable, there existed nevertheless a strong opposition and an ethical faintness on this subject.

Although the results produced by animal tests were even more easily obtained that those with the corpses, the basic differences between animals and human beings, as well as the great difficulty in using internal sensors limited their utility. The tests with animals are not practiced any more by the large automobile manufacturers since the beginning of the years 1990.

Appearance and evolution of the anthropomorphic devices of tests

The information collected thanks to the tests with corpses and animals had already been made profitable in order to create a Simulacre human being, in 1949, when " Sam" sierra; was created by Samuel W. Anderson in its laboratories, in order to test the ejector seats of the planes and the harnesses of the pilots. These tests comprised accelerations up to 100 G, exceeding the capacities of endurance of the human volunteers. With the beginning of the year 1950, Alderson and Grumman created a mannequin which was used to carry out tests impacts as well on aircraft as in motor vehicles.

Anderson continued its work to what is called produce series VIP-50, created especially for General Motors and Ford, but which was also adopted by the American Institut of the standards and technology . Sierra produced then a competitor mannequin, " Stan" sierra; , but GM, which had decided to continue the development of a powerful model did not find any of the two models satisfying. The company thus decided to combine the best elements of each of the two models, and in 1971, Hybrid I had been born. Hybrid I what is called represented the male mannequin of the " 50e Percentile " , which means that it is modelled according to the proportions, the size and the weight of an average male adult. " Sam" sierra; was a male mannequin of the " 95e Percentile " , i.e. that it was larger and heavier than 95% of the adult male population.

Since then, a considerable work was carried out in order to create increasingly sophisticated mannequins. Hybrid II was introduced in 1972, with significant improvements on the level of the shoulders, spinal column, and knees, as well as a more rigorous documentation.

Although their arrival presented a large projection compared to the corpses, especially in term of standardization of the tests, Hybrid I and II were still very coarse, and their use was limited to the development of the safety belts. Another mannequin was necessary, which would make it possible to the researchers to explore strategies of reduction of the traumatic risks.

See too

Random links:Chieulles | Lavallée | Castello Sforzesco | Glacial bolt | Constancy Pared | Autobus_de_liberté