Anophèle

The anophèles are Moustique S (order of the Diptère S) pertaining to the kind Anopheles , of the family of the Culicidae under family of Anophelinae and which are responsible for the transmission of the Paludisme to the man. More than 450 species of Anophèles were to date described but only approximately 80 of them are species vectrices person in charge of the transmission of the parasite to the man. These vectors prevail mainly in Africa like in Asia, but also in intertropical America, the Caribbean included/understood.

The importance of the anophèles in the tropical zones of the sphere is due mainly to their role of vector of Plasmodium . However, in Africa, Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus plays an important role in the rural areas in the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti , agent of the lymphatic filariose. Moreover, these anophèles (in particular Year. funestus and Year. gambiae ) played an important role in the epidemic blazes of the fevers due to the virus O' nyong-nyong in East Africa (Gillies & De Meillon, 1968).

The principal vectors of paludism are, for Africa: Anopheles gambiae S.S., A. arabiensis (indiférenciable morphologiquement of the precedent), A. funestus , A. nili and A. moucheti . For the American zone: A. darlingi , A. albimanus , A. pseudopunctipennis , A. quadrimaculatus .

Etymological origin

The Latin word was created by Johann Wilhelm Meigen (1764-1845), coming from the Greek anôphelês , which means useless by the combination of the year) privative and ôphelès , useful. It is Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) which, in 1829, francizes this term in Anophèle .

Biology of the anophèles

The Larve S of the anophèle live in the water very varied according to the species. Those of certain species ( A. mixed , A. merus ) develop in brackish water, tolerating a salt concentration ranging between 5 to 37 G per liter. The larvae, during their growth, come to breathe at water surface, so that the fact of spreading an oily product which forms an impermeable film, can kill them.

The females couple themselves generally only once during their life contrary to the males.

• the male adults nourish mainly Nectar.

the females need moreover Sang, which they find in the man and certain mammals, to ensure the production of eggs. They get a meal of blood all the 2 to 3 days during which, is carried out the maturation of eggs and the laying (cycle gonotrophic).

They represent an intermediate host for the parasites of the kind Plasmodium and are thus the vectors of the Paludisme (Malaria) , person in charge of more than 300 million infections per annum and more than three million per annum dead, the majority being children of less than 5 years and expectant mothers…

Ecology of the anophèles

In Africa, five species are regarded as major vectors of paludism.

It is about: A. gambiae s.s, A. arabiensis , A. funestus , A. nili and A. moucheti . Others such as A. mixed , A. merus , A. paludis , A. pharoensis , A. hancocki are of the vectors of local importance, known as " secondaires" (for central Africa).

Each one of these species has particular ecological requirements and exploits a variety of water collection. A. gambiae develops thus in small clear water collections, shone upon and without vegetation. A. arabiensis people drier environments until in edge of the Sahara (Coetze and Al , 2000). A. funestus people marshes with drawn up vegetation. A. nili develops on the river banks with fast current and A. moucheti develops in the rivers with slow current, in the forest block of central Africa (Antonio-Nkondjio and Al , 2002).

List species of Anopheles (nonexhaustive list)

Reference

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