Anne Frank

Biography

Childhood

Anne Frank, second girl of Otto Heinrich Frank (May 12th 1889 - August 19th 1980) and of Edith Holländer (January 16th 1900 - January 6th 1945), was born on June 12th 1929 with Francfort-sur-le-Main in Germany. She had a named sister Margot (February 16th 1926 - March 1945). Its name of birth was Annelies Marie, but for its family and her friends, it was simply " Anne". His/her father called it sometimes " Annelein" (" small Anne").

The family lived in a mixed community Jewish citizens and not-Jews, and the children grew by côtoyant friends of confession Catholique, Protesting E and Juive. Frank were Jewish reformists, practitioner much traditions of the Jewish faith, without observing the whole of the habits. Edith Frank was devoted to her faith of the family. Otto Frank, former German officer decorated during the First World War, wanted to continue its studies and had an important library; the two parents encouraged their children to read.

In March 1933, the elections to renew the municipal council of Frankfurt transfer the party Nazi of Adolf Hitler to carry it. Demonstrations anti-semites took place immediately, and Frank started to fear for their safety if they remained in Germany. Later the same year, Edith and the children went to Aachen to live with Rosa Holländer, the mother of Edith. Otto Frank remained in Frankfurt, but after having received an offer to start a business in Amsterdam, it went there to organize the company and to prepare the arrival of its family.

Otto Frank started to work at Opekta Works, a company which sold the Pectine extracted the fruits, and found an apartment with Merwedeplein in the suburbs of Amsterdam. In February 1934, Edith and the children arrived at Amsterdam and the two girls were registered at the school; Margot in a public school and Anne in a school montessorienne. Margot showed its faculties in Arithmétique and Anne discovered her aptitudes for the reading and the writing. His/her friend Hannah Goslar remembered later that during her tender childhood, Anne Frank wrote regularly, hiding her writings with her hand and refusing to discuss the contents of those. These early writings did not cross the history to us and were stray. Anne and Margot had two quite distinct personalities; Margot was maniérée, reserved and studious while Anne was expressive, energetic and extravertie.

In 1938, Otto Frank started one second business in partnership with Hermann van Pels, a butcher who had fled Osnabrück in Germany with his family. In 1939, the mother of Edith came to live with Frank and remained with them until its death in January 1942. In May 1940, Germany invades the Netherlands. The government of occupation started to persecute the Jews by founding repressive and discriminatory laws, and the obligatory inscription and the segregation of the Jews followed quickly. Margot and Anne excelled then in their studies and had many friends, but the application of a ruling decree that the Jewish children could follow courses only in Jewish schools, they were registered with the Jewish College.

The period described in the newspaper

Before going in the Appendix

For her thirteenth birthday on June 12th, 1942, Anne accepted a small notebook which it had shown with her father in a store a few days earlier, that it called " Kitty". Although it was a book of autographs, connected with a piece of fabric red and white and provided with a small closing to the front one, Anne had already decided to use it as newspaper. She started to write there almost immediately, describing herself personally, describing her family and her friends, her life at the school, the boys with whom she flirtait and places of the vicinity that she liked to visit. If these first writings show that its life was that of a typical schoolgirl, they also approach the changes whose Anne was pilot since the beginning of the German occupation. Some references apparently occasional and are not underlined. Nevertheless in some passages, Anne provides more details on growing oppression. For example, she writes in connection with yellow star that the Jews were obliged to carry as a public, and she listed some restrictions and persecutions which upset the life of the Juive population of Amsterdam.

In July 1942, Margot Frank accepted a mobilization notice of the central Office of Jewish immigration ( Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung ) ordering to him to present itself to be rehoused in a camp of work. One then explained to Anne the plan that Otto had prepared with its most faithful employees, and whose Margot had been informed for some time: the family was to go to hide in parts above and with the back of the offices of the company on Prinsengracht, a street along one of the channels of Amsterdam.

Life in the Appendix

The morning of July 6th, 1942, the family went to settle in the hiding-place. Their apartment was left in an apparent disorder to give the impression which they had left suddenly, and Otto Frank left a note indicating that they had been gone from there in Suisse. The need for the secrecy of the operation made that they had to give up the cat of Anne, Moortje. As the Jews did not have the right to use public transport, they went during several kilometers since their apartment, each one covering several layers of clothing so that one does not realize that they transported bags. The appendix ( Achterhuis ) was a space on three levels with the back of the building which one reached by a stage located above the offices of the Opekta company. On the first level were two small parts with an adjacent bathroom and toilets. With the top there was a vast open space with a small adjacent part. Since this small part a scale gave on the attic. The door of the Appendix was hidden thereafter by a library to prevent that it is not discovered. The principal building, located at a block of Westerkerk was an old banal and typical building western districts of Amsterdam.

Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were the only employees who knew that the Frank family hid and, with Jan Gies the husband of Miep and Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl the father of Bep, helped them throughout their containment. They were the only contact between the occupants of the Appendix and the outside world; they held them with the current of the news of the war and the political events. They provided for all their needs, ensured their safety and supplied them with food, an increasingly difficult task as time passed. Anne evokes in her newspaper their devotion and their efforts to keep moral occupants of the Appendix during the most dangerous moments. They all were conscious owing to the fact that they would incur the Capital punishment if they were taken with hiding Jews.

At the end of the month of July, the Frank family was joined by the family van Pels: Hermann, Augusta, and their Peter son 16 years old, then in November by Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist and family friend. Anne writes her pleasure of having new people with whom to speak, but of the tensions occurred quickly in the group, forced to live in a restricted environment. After having divided its room with Pfeffer, it found it unbearable, and it disputed with Augusta van Pels, which it regarded as a idiot. Its relations with his/her mother were tended and Anne wrote that they had few joint things because his/her mother was too distant. Although it sometimes had arguments with Margot, it writes in connection with the unexpected bond which developed between them, although it émotionnellement remained closer to her father. Some time later, after having initially drawn aside the advances of the shy person and awkward Peter van Pels, she realized her feelings incipient for Peter and they had a connection.

Anne passed the essence of her time to read and study, while continuing to write her newspaper. In addition to providing a description of the events in their chronological order, she also wrote in connection with her feelings, her fear of living hidden, her beliefs, her ambitions among which that to become journalist and writer, of the topics that she did not think of being able to divide with anybody. As its confidence in its style of writing grew and that it became more mature, the subjects which it tackled became more abstract, like its belief as a God and the way in which it defined the human nature. Until spring 1944, she only wrote her letters for her, until the moment when she heard, with the radio of London, the Minister for the Education of the Dutch government in exile to say that for the war it would be necessary to gather and publish all that had milked with the sufferings of the Dutch people during the German occupation. He quoted as example, inter alia, the diaries. “Struck by this speech, Anne decided to publish a book after the war, whose its newspaper was to provide the base. She started a work of rewriting, correcting or removing the passages which she considered not very interesting, and by adding others while drawing from its memory. ” In parallel, it continued to dated August 1st, 1944 write regularly to its original newspaper to its last letter who.

Arrest and deportation towards the concentration camps

The morning of August 4th, 1944, the Appendix was discovered by the security services of the German police force ( Grüne Polizei ) on the indication of an adviser who forever been able to be identified. Carried out by the Schutzstaffel Oberscharführer Karl Silberbauer of the Sicherheitsdienst , the group included/understood at least three members of the security services of the police force. When Silberbauer enters the house, it seems to know precisely where it must go. It moves right towards the " carry-bibliothèque" swivelling which hiding place the door of access to the Appendix and requires that it be opened. Silberbauer posted some men in the Appendix while waiting for the arrival of a vehicle to take along the clandestine ones. Whereas he questioned Otto Frank, Silberbauer saw a leather satchel of which he emptied the contents, with the idea to undoubtedly find jewels there. But it contained only sheets of paper. It was about part of the newspaper of Anne. The occupants were embarked in trucks and were taken along to be questioned. Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were carried then imprisoned, while Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were left in freedom. Later they returned to the Appendix where they found the writings of Anne, more than 300 manuscript pages, scattered on the ground. They recovered them like several albums of family and Gies projected to return them to Anne after the war.

The occupants of the Appendix were transported to the general headquarter of the Gestapo where they were questioned and held all the night. August 5th they were transferred to the Huis van Bewaring (house of detention), an over-populated prison on Weteringschans. Two days later the eight Jewish prisoners were transported in Westerbork, a camp of transit located at the Netherlands. At the time more than 100.000 Jews forwarded there. Having been stopped whereas they hid, they were regarded as criminals and were thus sent to the hutments of punishment to complete heavy work. September 3rd, the group was off-set with what was the last convoy of Westerbork for the death camp of Auschwitz. They arrived there in the night from September 5th to 6th 1944, after a voyage three days, then were separate according to their sex, so that the women and the men thus separated were never re-examined. On the 1019 passengers of the convoy, 549 people whose totality of the older children of less than fifteen years, were sent directly in the Gas chambers where they died. Anne had been her fifteen years old three months earlier and was saved, and although all the members of the Appendix survived this selection, Anne believed whereas his/her father had been killed.

With other women not selected for an immediate death, Anne was forced to undress itself to be disinfected, to have her shaven head with shortest and finally to be tattooed with an identification number on her arm. The day, the women were used as workers slaves; the night, they were locked up in crammed hutments and glacials. The diseases abounded and soon the skin of Anne became seriously infected by the scale.

October 28th, of new selections started among the women to be rehoused in Bergen-Belsen. More than 8000 of them, whose Anne, Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels, were thus moved, but Edith Frank remained with Auschwitz. Tents were drawn up to avoid the surge of the captive ones, among which Anne and Margot, and as the population increased, death rate due to the many diseases increased quickly. Anne was briefly joined together with two friends, Hanneli Goslar (called " Lies" in the newspaper) and Nanette Blitz, which survived both the war. Blitz described thereafter Anne as being bald person, trembling, the émaciés features. Goslar says that although Anne was itself sick, it says him that it was more anxious for Margot, whose disease seemed more serious and who remained lengthened on his berth, too weak to go. Anne also says to them that she thought that their parents had died.

In March 1945, an epidemic of Typhus was propagated in the camp, killing approximately 17.000 prisoners. Witnesses certified that Margot fell from its berth in its state of extreme weakness and succumbed to the shock, and that a few days later Anne died in her turn. They estimated that this occurred a few weeks before the camp is not released by the British troops on April 15th, 1945, and although the exact dates were not preserved, it is generally recognized that take place enters at the end of February and middle of March. In its book, " Septs the Last Month of Anne Frank" (Stock, 1989), Hanneli Gosslar, tells how it crossed Anne in the camp of Bergen-Belsen, at the last days of its life.

After the war, it was estimated that on the 110.000 Jews off-set of the Netherlands during the occupation Nazi, only 5.000 had survived.

Edith Frank, the mother of Anne, fell sick and died of hunger and exhaustion with Auschwitz-Birkenau on January 6th, 1945. Hermann van Pels was gauze in September 1944 with Auschwitz-Birkenau, Fritz Pfeffer fell sick and died of exhaustion on December 20th, 1944 with Neuengamme, Augusta van Pels died in April 1945 with Theresienstadt, Peter van Pels died on May 5th, 1945 in the camp of Mauthausen. Only Otto Frank, the father of Anne, survived the death camp of Auschwitz. He died with Basle (Swiss) in 1980 at the 91 years age. After the war, when it was sure to be able to give it to Anne, Miep Gies gave him the manuscript of the newspaper of his/her daughter whom he made publish under the title of the newspaper of Anne Frank .

The newspaper of an young girl

Publication of the newspaper

Otto Frank survived and returned to Amsterdam. It was informed that his wife had died and that his/her daughters had been transferred to Bergen-Belsen. Although he hoped that they could survive, the Croix-Rouge in June 1945 confirmed the deaths of Anne and Margot. It is only at this time that Miep Gies gave him the newspaper. Otto lute and explained later why it had not realized that Anne had preserved a trace as precise and written well time as they had passed together. Knowing that Anne wished to become writer, it started to plan to publish it. When one asked him for several years later which had been its initial reaction, he says simply: I did not know that my small Anne was also deep .

The newspaper of Anne begins with the private expression from its thoughts and it written there several times that it would never authorize anybody to read it. It describes its life in an ingenuous way, its families and his companions, their situation, while starting to admit the ambitions of its auteure to write and publish works of fiction. In spring 1944, following the London radio program during which she intended the Minister for the Education of the Dutch government in exile to say that when the war would be finished, he would make public testimonys of the oppression of the Dutch people under the German occupation, it started to correct his writings, removing sections, by rewriting others, with an aim of publishing them. Its original newspaper was decorated several other notebooks and loose leves. It created pseudonyms for the members of the Appendix and the people who had helped them. The family van Pels became Hermann, Petronella, and Peter van Daan, and Fritz Pfeffer became Albert Düssell. Otto Frank used its original, known newspaper under the name of " A" version; , and the corrected version, known under the name of " B" version; , to produce the first publication of the newspaper. It removed certain passages, mainly those speaking about his wife in not very flattering terms, as well as sections describing the evolution of the sexuality of Anne. Although it restored the true identities of the members of its family, it did not modify the other pseudonyms.

It gave the newspaper to the historian Annie Romein-Verschoor, which tried without success to publish it. She then gave it to her husband Jan Romein, who wrote an article about the newspaper entitled " Kinderstem" (" The Voice of Enfant"), published in the daily newspaper Het Parool on April 3rd, 1946. He wrote that the newspaper bégayé by the voice of a child, incarnates all the cruelty of Fascism, more than all the evidence that the Procès of Nuremberg could join together. Its article drew the attention of editors, and the newspaper was published in 1947, followed by one second publication in 1950. The first American version was published in 1952 pennies the title Anne Frank: The Diary off has Young Girl (Anne Frank: The Newspaper of an Young girl). A part based on the newspaper, by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, was presented in first to New York on October 5th, 1955 before gaining later the Prix Pulitzer in the category Drames . It was followed in 1959 by the film The Diary off Anne Frank ( the Newspaper of Anne Frank ), who was a critical and commercial success. With the passing of years the popularity of the newspaper grows and in several schools, in particular into the the United States, it was integrated in the school program, thus making discover Anne Frank with new generations of readers.

In 1986, the National institute of the documents of war of the Netherlands published a critical edition of the newspaper. It included comparisons of all the known versions, published. It included also comments certifying the authenticity of the newspaper as well as additional historical information on the Frank family and the newspaper itself.

In 1999, Cornelis Suijk, a former director of the foundation Anne-Frank and president of the American center for education on the Holocaust, announced that it was in possession of five pages which had been removed newspaper by Otto Frank before its publication; Suijk declared that Otto Frank had given him these pages before its death in 1980. The missing passages of the newspaper contained critical remarks of Anne compared to the tensions between her parents, and shows the little of affection of Anne towards her mother.

A controversy appeared when Suijk claimed its rights of publication on the five pages and wanted to sell them to collect money for its American foundation. The National institute of the Documents of War of the Netherlands, the preceding owner of the manuscript, claimed the restitution of the pages in question. In 2000, the Dutch Minister for education, culture and sciences concludes an agreement with the foundation from Suijk while pouring to him: 300000 USD and the pages were returned in 2001. Since then, they were include in the new editions of the newspaper.

Praises of Anne Frank and her newspaper

In its introduction of the first American publication of the newspaper, Eleanor Roosevelt described it like “one of wisest and upsetting testimonys on the war and its impact on the human beings which I ever read” . The Russian writer Ilya Ehrenbourg says later: “a voice speaks for six million others - the voice not about wise or a poet but about an ordinary little girl” . As the stature of Anne Frank as a writer and humanistic was affirmed, one spoke about it in a specific way like one of the symbols of the Holocaust and more generally like the symbol of persecution. Hillary Rodham Clinton, in the speech which she made when she accepted the humane price Elie-Wiesel in 1994, lute the newspaper of Anne Frank and spoke about her like “waking up us with the madness of the indifference and the terrible price which she made weigh on our youth” , that Clinton connected to the events then in progress with Sarajevo in Somalia and to the Rwanda.

After having received a humane price of the Foundation Anne-Frank in 1994, Nelson Mandela, being addressed to crowd with Johannesbourg, declared that it had read the newspaper of Anne Frank during her imprisonment and that this one had given him much courage. It compared the fight of Anne Franck against the Nazisme with its fight against the Apartheid, describing a parallelism between two philosophies with the comment “because these beliefs are obviously false, and because they were, and, will be always defied by people similar to Anne Frank, they are dedicated to the failure. ”

The newspaper was also recognized for its literary qualities. Commenting on the style of writing of Anne Frank, the playwright Meyer Levin, who worked with Otto Frank on the development of a drama based on the newspaper little time after his publication, rented its capacity with “to maintain the tension new built a well” , while the poet John Berryman wrote that it was about a single description, not only of adolescence but also “of the mysterious and fundamental process of a child becoming adult as if that were being held” . Its biographer Melissa Müller says that she wrote “in a precise style, economic and trustful époustouflant of honesty” . Its writing is mainly a study of characters and it examines each person of its circle with a judicious and intransigent glance. She sometimes cruel and is often skewed, in particular in her description of Fritz Pfeffer and her own mother. Müller explains why it channeled the normal sudden changes of mood of adolescence in its writings. Its personal examination and that of its entourage are constant for one long period in a very critical, analytical and introspective way, and in moments of frustration it depicts the interior battle whose it is the object between the “good Anne” who it would like to be, and the “bad Anne” that it thinks of incarnating. Otto Frank pointed out later its editor to explain the reason to him for which he thought that the newspaper had been read per such an amount of world; according to him “the newspaper approaches as well stages of the life as each reader can find something there than it will move it personally” .

In June 1999, Time Magazine published an special edition entitled TIME 100: Heroes & Icons off the 20th century ; a list of the politicians, artists, innovators, scientists and the most influential personalities of the 20th century. Anne Frank was selected to form part of it. The writer Roger Rosenblatt, author of Children off War , wrote the passage devoted to Anne Frank in whom it describes her heritage: The passions unchained by this book suggest that Anne Frank belongs to all, that it rose above the Holocauste, of the Judaïsme, femininity and the good, to become an icon of the modern world - the individual morality attacked by the mechanism of the destruction, insistent on the right to life, questioning and hoping for the future of the human condition.

Denials and legal action

Some tried to discredit the newspaper since its publication and since the years 1970 the negationnist David Irving affirmed in a regular way that the newspaper was not authentic. The constant public statements of these negationnists encouraged Teresien da Silva to comment in the name of Anne Frank in 1999: For much of political movements of extreme right-hand side, Anne proves to be an obstacle. Its personal testimony of the persecution of the Jews and his death in a concentration camp prevent the rehabilitation of the national socialism .

Since the years 1950, the negation of the Holocaust constitutes a crime in several countries of Europe, of which Germany, and the law was used to prevent a recrudescence of the activities Néo-Nazi are. With Lübeck in 1959, Otto Frank attacked in justice Lothar Stielau, a professor of school, former member of the Jeunesses hitlériennes, which had published a school leaflet describing the newspaper like a counterfeit. The Court of justice examined the newspaper and, in 1960, declared it as being authentic. Stielau retracted its preceding declarations and Otto Frank stopped the legal procedure.

In 1958, Simon Wiesenthal was put at the challenge by a group of demonstrators at the time of the stage performance of the Journal of Anne Frank to Vienna which affirmed that Anne had never existed. These demonstrators asked Wiesenthal to prove the existence of Anne by finding the man who had stopped it. It started to seek Karl Silberbauer and found it in 1963. During its interview, Silberbauer admitted its role directly, and identified Anne Frank starting from a photograph as being one of the stopped people. It provides a complete report of the events and remembered that it had emptied a valisette full of papers on the ground. Its declarations corroborated the version of the events which had previously been presented by eyewitnesses like Otto Frank.

In 1976, Otto Frank initiated another procedure against Heinz Roth of Frankfurt, which had also published Pamphlet S proclaiming that the newspaper was a counterfeit. The judge ruled that if it published new writings of this type, it would be liable to 500.000 Deutsche Mark of fine and sorrow a 6 months of prison. Two other complaints were rejected by German courts in 1978 and 1979 on the basis of freedom of expression, because the complaint had not been deposited by one of the parts aimed by the writings. The court ruled in both cases that if the complaint had been deposited by a part concerned, like Otto Frank, a load for calumny could have been retained.

The controversy reached its top with the arrest and the judgment of two néo-Nazis, Ernst Römer and Edgar Geiss, which were considered to be guilty to produce and distribute literature denouncing the newspaper of Anne Frank as being a counterfeit, on the complaint of Otto Frank. When they made call of their judgment, a team of historians studied the documents in collaboration with Otto Frank, and concludes that they were authentic. In 1978, during the procedure of call of the judgments Römer and Geiss, the laboratory of the German criminal Court (Bundeskriminalamt, BKA) had as a task to examine the type of paper and the types of inks used in the manuscript of the newspaper. Although its conclusions indicated that the ink with which the newspaper had been writing was used during the war, the BKA concludes that the subsequent corrections applied to the flying pages were written with black ball point pens, green and blue . Although the BKA did not give more precise details in connection with these supposed corrections to the ball point pen, the negationnists denouncing the authenticity of the newspaper focused themselves on this sentence, because the ball point pens became popular only after the Second world war.
The BKA will publish in July 2006 a press release in which he will declare that the research carried out in 1980 can in no manner being used to call into question the authenticity of the Newspaper of Anne Franck.

In 1986, the National laboratory of Dutch legal sciences of Rijswijk carried out another exhaustive technical expertise of the manuscript. Although the BKA was invited by this laboratory to indicate on which flying pages it had detected corrections with the ball point pen, this one was unable to present only one example. The laboratory itself found only two pages of manuscripts written with ink of ball point pen, which had been added in the flying pages of the manuscript. The Revised Critical Edition of the Newspaper of Anne Frank (published in 2003) provides images (pages 167-171) of these two pages of the manuscript and in the chapter summarizing the discoveries made by the National laboratory of Dutch Legal Sciences, H.J.J. Written Hardy on this subject:

A footnote adds:

With the death of Otto Frank in 1980, the original newspaper, as well as the letters and the loose leves, were claimed by the National institute of the Documents of War of the Netherlands, which required a legal study of the newspaper of the Ministry for the Justice of the Netherlands in 1986. They compared the known manuscript and several specimens. They concluded that they agreed but also that paper, the adhesive and the ink used were available at the time to which the newspaper is supposed to be written. Their final conclusion confirmed the authenticity of the newspaper as also the regional Court of Hamburg did it on March 23rd, 1990.

Nevertheless, certain negationnists persisted in their assertions according to which the newspaper is a counterfeit. In 1991, Robert Faurisson and Siegfried Verbeke produce a booklet entitled: the Newspaper of Anne Frank: an Approach Criticizes . They declare that Otto Frank was the author of the newspaper, based on the fact that the newspaper contains several contradictions, that to hide in the Appendix would have been impossible and that the style and the writing of Anne Frank would not be those of a teenager.

In December 1993, the House Anne Frank in Amsterdam and the Fondation Anne Frank of Basle started an action with the civilian so as to prohibit the continuation of the distribution of the booklet the Newspaper of Anne Frank: an Approach Criticizes in the Netherlands. December 9th, 1998, the Court of the District of Amsterdam ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, returning out the law any refusal relating to the authenticity of the newspaper, any distribution of the publications of comparable nature and imposed a fine of 25000 guilders by noted infringment.

Heritage

The May 3rd 1957, a group of citizens, among whom Otto Frank, created the foundation of the House of Anne Frank with an initial aim to safeguard the Prinsengracht building threatened of demolition and to make it available to the public. Otto Frank insisted on the fact that the objective of the foundation would be to promote the contacts and the communication between the young people of various origins, cultures and religions, but also to fight to counter intolerance and the Racial discrimination.

The House of Anne Frank opened her doors the May 3rd 1960. She includes/understands the warehouse and the offices of the Opekta company as well as the Appendix, the whole not furnished so that the visitors can circulate freely in the parts. Certain personal effects of preceding the occupants remained, as a poster of a film star stuck to the wall by Anne, a piece of paper painted on which Otto Frank marked the size of his/her daughters as they grew and a chart on the wall where it noted the advance of the allied forces, the whole being protected by Perspex paper. Since the small part which was that of Peter van Pels, an alley connects the building to the close buildings, also repurchased by the Foundation. These other buildings are used to lodge the newspaper but also exposures which present various aspects of the Holocaust and the more contemporary studies on racial intolerance in various parts of the sphere. The House of Anne Frank became the most attended tourist attraction of Amsterdam with more than one million and half of visitors each year.

In 1963, Otto Frank and its second wife Elfriede Geiringer-Markovits establish the Foundation Anne-Frank as an charitable organization, based with Basle in Suisse. The Foundation collects the money to give it to causes which seem to him creditable. Until its death, Otto bequeathed its rights on the newspaper to the Foundation, in the condition that the first 80 000 Swiss francs of annual incomes are distributed to its heirs, the remainder being credited with the Foundation bound for the projects which its administrators consider valid. That made it possible to support every year the medical care of the Justes among the Nations, to educate the young people against racism and to lend certain writings of Anne Frank to the American museum dedicated to the Memorial of the Holocaust of Washington for an exposure in 2003. The annual report of the same year makes it possible to have an idea of the efforts carried out to contribute to a more total level, with the support of the Germany, of Israel, the India, the Suisse, the England and the the United States.

Tens of schools throughout the world were baptized “Anne Franck”, in remembering the young girl. Its name was also given to an asteroid, shortly after the second world war ((5535) Annefrank).

The life and the writings of Anne Frank inspired various groups of artists and popular commentators, making reference to it in literature, music popular, television, and other forms of media.

In 1959, its newspaper was adapted for the cinema by George Stevens; it was the object then several telefilms and of a Japanese adaptation in cartoon ( Anne No nikki , 1995).

See too

Newspaper of Anne Frank
Second world war
Shoah
List of the concentration camps Nazis

Complementary bibliography

the first edition French of the Journal of Anne Frank appeared in 1950 with the editions Calmann-Levy, with a foreword of Daniel-Rops.
Carol Ann Lee, Anne Frank, the secrecies of a life , Robert Laffon, 1999 ISBN 2221088956
Melissa Müller, Anne Franck, the biography , Perrin, 2001 (transl. Anne Weber) ISBN 2262015597
Jacqueline Van Maarsen, I am called Anne, says it, Anne Frank , Galaade, 2007 ISBN 2351760301

External bonds

Site of the House of Anne Frank
Anne Frank, a history of today, on the site of Good citizenship and Democracy
Page on Anne Frank in the site '' Jewish Mémoire and education ''
Conference on Anne Frank, by Francoise Chatel de Brancion.
a study on Anne and her family
Card of film of George Stevens, 1959 (file, 3p)
the tree of Anne Frank

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