Animation

Definition

Whatever the techniques used, the principle is always the same one: the movement is broken up into a succession of still images whose vision at a given frequency gives the illusion of the continuous motion. Two aspects are important:

Image by image : it is necessary to represent each phase of the movement realized and recorded image by image, whatever the system of representation chosen, whatever the means of acquisition employed, whatever the finally process of visual restitution of animation.
Frequency of restitution : the images are restored at a sufficient regular frequency so that the brain and the inertia of the phenomena entering the vision, whose retinal Persistance, plays their parts in the illusion. In cinema the minimal frequency was established at 12 images/second. But to avoid an unpleasant flicker the 16 images/second frequency was essential like a minimum.

The standard frequencies are of 24 (Cinema), 25 (Stake) or 30 (NTSC) images/second but according to the types of movements to be represented, the Luminance and the space Fréquence of the image, to avoid " images fantômes" one can have to reach more than 100 images/second in numerical animation. Nevertheless the stroboscopic effect (example of the wheels which seems to turn in opposite direction) cannot be avoided: it is decreased by special effects of blur of which the spinning.

For simple forms, 2 images/second is obviously not sufficient for a fluid animation but such a frequency, desired for artistic effects, can be regarded as animation, taking into account the general context of work.

Figure 2 Decomposition of the 6 images of figures 1.1 and 1.2, allowing the restitution of the mouvement

To save images (frequent when they were traced manually), it is possible to duplicate each image. The jerk will be perceptible or not according to the contents of the image, the difference between two images which are followed.

The animation in Infographie is the part of the graphic creative process which consists in making be driven the various objects created at the time of the stage of the modeling in 3D or of the Dessin in traditional animation.

The cartoon film is a technique worked out starting from drawn images, of images created by computer or photographs which “are assembled” in an obvious result allowing an impression of activity and movement.

History of animation

The cinema of animation in the world

The majority of the large studios of animation of the 20th century appeared in first half of this one in some countries around planet, and kept an important place during all the century. During years 1990, new studios of animation started to be born, often small studios (like Folimage in France or of large studios of old country subcontractor, as in Korea.

History of American animation;
History of Austrian animation;
History of Belgian animation;
History of British animation;
History of Canadian animation;
History of Chinese animation;
History of Korean animation;
History of Danish animation;
History of Spanish animation;
History of Finnish animation;
History of French animation;
History of Italian animation;
History of Japanese animation;
History of Norwegian animation;
History of Russian animation;
History of Swedish animation

Personalities of the field of animation

List of personalities of the cinema of animation
: Category: Personality of the field of animation

Studios of animation

List of cartoon film companies
: Category: Studio of animation

Techniques of animation

Software of animation

Beneton Movie GIF Software free completion of animation GIF.
Animates Studio (in the past Moho) Software, with the affordable price for the general public, specialized in animation 2D including some functionalities 3D.
Blender Free software of animation 3D, returned, compositing.
ToonBoom Software specialist in animation 2D used by Warner Bros and Disney.
Toonz used by the Studio Ghibli.
Adobe Flash in the past Macromedia flash. Software of 2D, very good quality, being able to go until very thorough animations.
Swift Software 3D of 3D particularly.
Ktoon Free software of animation under linux.
Media PEGS of the studio of animation Pixibox was, towards the end of the year 1990 a professional software of animation 2D and color application cash among most widespread within many international studios.

Schools, festivals and associations

List of schools of cinema of animation

Associations of cinema of animation

See: : Category: Association of the field of animation

the French Association of the cinema of animation (AFCA)
the International association of cartoon film (ASIFA), founded by the AFCA
the international Center of the cinema of animation (CICA)
Screens Vo, the association of the cinemas independent of the Val-d'Oise
Cellofan', association for the promotion of the cinema of animation site

Cinema festivals of animation

See: : Category: Festival of animation

the International festival of cartoon film of Annecy
the national Festival of cartoon film of Auch
the Festival of cartoon film of Baillargues
the Festival of cartoon film of * The Festival Animated, with Brussels (Belgium)
the Festival Internacional del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano, with Havana (Cuba)
the International Leipzig Festival for Documentary and Animated Film, with Leipzig (Germany)
the Fête of Animation, with Lille
the Festival Ars Electronica, with Linz (Austria)
the International festival of cinema of animation of Meknès (Morocco)
the Festival Imagina, with Monaco
the Festival Animated Mundi, with Rio de Janeiro (Brésil)
the Holland Animation Film Festival of Utrecht (Netherlands)
the International festival of cartoon film of Zagreb (Croatia)
the Anifest Festival - International festival of cartoon film to Třeboň, Tchéquie
Festival the one Day (Valence)
the Festival Image by Image of cinema of animation of the Val-d'Oise
the Festival Glance on the short film in Saguenay Quebec, Canada
the Festival small magic lanterns Tournefeuille, France

See too

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