See also: Jackson

Andrew Jackson (1767 - 1845), is the seventh President of the United States of America. He is elected for two mandates of 1829 to 1837.

First president born in a wood hut, Jackson is a hero of the Guerre of 1812 against the United Kingdom, a combatant of the Indiens and a lawyer in his State, the Tennessee. Nor particularly intelligent or considered it becomes a symbol of its time because it reflects the opinions of the American population exactly. It owes its position with nobody and hates the politicians of profession… which it replaces by his own friends. It is under its presidency that the system of the political parties such as there still exists is born really.

Biography

Youth

Andrew Jackson is born American the March 15th 1767 in Waxshaws, at the border between the Actual positions of North Carolina and of the South. He is the son of poor immigrants Irish.

His/her father, forced expatrier in 1765, with his wife and his two sons, came to be established in the canton of Waxhawsw, close to Cambden, in South Carolina, and died there little of time after the birth of his third wire; Andrew.

War of independence of the United States of America

Intended by his/her mother for the ecclesiastical state, Andrew Jackson left the college at 15 years (1782) to enlist under the flags of independence, with his/her two brothers who perished in this countryside; itself wounded and was seriously done captive by the English.

It takes part in the war of the American revolution as a mail. Its character violate and its pride are worth to him to be wounded with the hand whereas it is made prisoner. It is often in favor to empty its quarrels with the gun.

Tennessee

Returned with its studies, after the expulsion of the English, receipt lawyer with the bar of Salisbury in North Carolina (1784), then appointed prosecuting attorney of district with Nashville, in the Tennessee, where it transported his residence (1788), the magistrate Jackson made his beginning in the military commands, with the head of some militia, against the Indians whom it pushed back far from the borders.

When the state of Tennessee was allowed to belong to the Union, it was the Jurisconsulte Jackson which the Convention, of which he was member, charged with writing the Constitution of the new State.

Elected official representing of Tennessee to the general Congress (1796), and Senator the following year, it gave his resignation and returned in his hearths.

Military career

Appointed judge of the Supreme court and commander-in-chief of the militia of his State, it preserved only this last title (1799), and, withdrawn in the countryside, it, since 14 years, had been devoted to work of agriculture, when the hostilities which burst in 1812, between the United States and England, by opening with the American national army a career, made of Jackson, former magistrate, legislator and plowman, the first man of war of the Union, or, according to the emphatic expression adopted by the English, the lion of North America .

The war of 1812

Raised with the rank of general major of the militia, and charged with leading on the the Mississippi, in December 1812, a crack corps entirely composed of volunteers, Jackson, while resisting the contradictory and unjust orders of an employee of the central government, completed to gain the affection of the militiamans.

War of Creeks

After the War of 1812 which opposes the United States to the United Kingdom, the Pionnier S move towards the territories of the valley of the the Mississippi recently acquired. Jackson takes part in the Indian Guerres against the tribes Creeks then the Séminoles which aim to force the Indians to gather always more in the west to make it possible to the pioneers to settle.

Its difficult and perilous countryside against the Indians Creeks (1813) ended in a blow of strength which makes time in the Annales soldiers of the Union. Jackson is informed that Creeks, taken refuge in the Florida S, possession of the Spain, are armed and excited with the war by the Spanish governor with Pensacola, in open violation of its neutrality.

Without awaiting the authorization which he asks his government, Jackson penetrates in Floridas. Two English spies that it makes judge by a martial court, are hung. The place of Pensacola is carried of sharp force; the Spanish governor, the Indians and the English are punished and Jackson is withdrawn.

In 1814, Jackson orders with the Bataille of Horseshoe Bend, Alabama where 700 Creek Indians are killed whereas it loses only 49 men. A peace treaty will be signed giving the Americans access to a territory of almost 100.000 km ².

At the end of the same year, Jackson is in Florida where it fights against the Séminoles Indians. These agricultural people occupied the north of Florida at the request of them Spanish, in order to protect the colony against the United States. They also accommodated the slaves in escape, slaves who fought at their side. Jackson will be named military governor of the state in 1819 and the territory will be yielded by the Spain in 1821 by the Traité of Adams-Onís.

La Nouvelle-Orléans

Lastly, the December 13rd 1814, Jackson is with La Nouvelle-Orléans in Louisiana to fight against the British in what will be the last battle of the War of 1812. The news of the armistice signed the day before Christmas 1814 (the December 24th, by the Traité of Ghent not having reached them the battle proceeds the January 8th 1815 between 8.000 trained British soldiers and approximately 4.000 Rustaud S including one great part are partisans of the corsair-pirate Jean Lafitte who makes the law in the area of the the Caribbean. The victory will be worth in Jackson to be regarded as a national hero; the British losses rise with 2.036 men whereas it lost only 7 men.

Before the supreme magistrature

The July 17th 1821, Jackson is elected Gouverneur of Florida. It was withdrawn again in the countryside, and one can notice that it is after having spent fourteen more years there, as farmer, that it was raised by the votes of his fellow-citizens to the supreme magistrature (March 4th 1829).

It presents to the presidential election 1824 and obtains more popular votes and voice of the Great Electors that its competitors but it does not have the Absolute majority. It is a vote of the Room of the representatives which gives the presidency to John Quincy Adams. Jackson represents in 1828 and, this time, carries the election with a substantial majority. It is the first president elected by the vote for all which has just been founded in a great number of States and its reputation of man of the people and hunter of Indians is not foreign there.

Presidency

1829

March 4th: Nomination of Andrew Jackson as a seventh president of the United States. It is the first elected president who does not form part of the circle of the politicians who took part in the War of independence and the drafting of the Constitution. He profits as much from the support of the farmers of the West as of that of the townsmen, who appreciate his modest origins (he is called the " friend off the common man"). In its inaugural speech he announces that he will do what is necessary to empty Is continent of the Indians, and to occupy their territories.

1830

May 28th: the Congress votes and Jackson signs the law of expulsion of the Indians of all the States of the east coast and their establishment in the territories in the west of the plain of the Mississippi.

1831

May 21st: the first national convention of the Democratic party which chooses Jackson like candidate with the presidential election.

1832

July 10th: Jackson puts its Veto at the creation of a central bank.

December 5th: Jackson is re-elected for a second mandate against the candidate of the Whig Party.

1834

January 29th: Jackson uses for the first time the army to break a strike of the workmen who build the channel between Washington and the Ohio.

1836

Jackson again puts its veto at the creation of a central bank. The Federal Reserve will have the monopoly of the emission of currency only starting from 1913.

Foreign politics

The United States is always confronted with the competition between the France and the the United Kingdom which obstructs the trade. It supported with energy the complaint of the 25 million, raised by the government of the United States near the French cabinet.

The problems will be regulated only towards 1836. Jackson succeeds in however negotiating an agreement which, in 1830, authorizes the trade with the British possessions of the the Caribbean. In 1837 Jackson recognizes the independence of the République of Texas which was under Mexican domination.

Interior policy

Populist, Jackson does not support the professional politicians and the institutions which tend to acquire an independent capacity. It puts its veto at the renewal of the central bank created in 1781 per Hamilton to manage the national debt and to reinforce the federal capacity.

It does not embarrass either a government with which it often disputes and it is surrounded advisers “his government in the kitchen” with which it makes its decisions.

The south, especially agricultural, did not want customs duties raised, contrary to the north which set up its industry. The crisis is solved in 1833 by a strong fall of the customs duties and mark the victory of the individual interest of the States over the federal government.

Policy concerning the civic rights, the minorities and immigration

In 1829 with the increase in the population and the gold discovery on the territories of the Cherokee S Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act voted by the Congrès for the use of these grounds. The Supreme court judge the contrary law in the Constitution but Jackson refuses to apply the decision. The State of Georgia allots the Cherokee grounds during a lottery and Jackson sends troops to off-set the Indians with forced marches beyond the Mississippi. This episode costs the life approximately 4000 Indians Cherokee (25% of the population) during a tour borrowing the track known under the name of " Track of the Tears " (Trail off Tears) ”

Policy partisane

It introduces the system where the federal high positions are allotted to the friends who helped during the electoral campaign (Système of copinage) and it makes pressure on the States to widen the electoral base. Thus, under its presidency, the number of citizens taking part in the political life is multiplied by 7.

Reprocess

At the end of its second mandate, in 1837, Jackson goes back in its house to Tennessee. After having been useful in the army, to be become a hero and after having been a president during eight years he declares that he returns at his place with “hardly 80 dollars in his pocket”. He dies the June 8th 1845; its death is allotted today to a poisoning with lead following a wound received in 1813.

Anecdotes

In 1806 Jackson in duel a man kills with whom it had disputed for a gambling debt. He receives a ball in the chest which he will keep until his death.

Jackson is called “hard like wood to drown” ( “Old Hickory” ).

The woman of Andrew Jackson dies on December 22nd, 1828 between the election and the ceremony of installation to the presidency. When Jackson had married it, it was 21 years old and she lived separate of its first husband of which she believed being legally divorced. In fact the divorce had not been pronounced and the two husbands last remarier then. This episode was regarded as scandalous by the good company and gave place to rumors during the electoral campaign. Jackson reproached a long time its opponents for being in the beginning, according to him, of the death of his wife.

January 30th, 1835, Jackson is victim of an attempted murder in Capitole. By an incredible chance the two guns of the assassin are stopped. An engraving become famous, made 20 years later, Jackson watch striking the head of this man with his cane.

Its nephew, Andrew Jackson Donelson, which was its aide-de-camp then its secretary, was candidate with the vice-presidency in 1856. He was then the fellow candidate of the former president Millard Fillmore and both were supported by the American Party (expression political of the movement nativist Know Nothing) and by the remains of the Whig party.

Homages

A bronze statue of Jackson is inaugurated in Washington, cd. in 1853.

It is reproduced on the tickets of 20 US Dollar

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