The anatomy (of the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia , of ἀνατέμνειν anatemnein , to cross, cut out) is a descriptive science studying the Structure, the topography and the report/ratio of the bodies between them.

It indicates at the same time the structure of a living organism and the branch of the Biologie (or Médecine, for the Human anatomy) which studies this structure.

History

See the chapter referring to the History anatomy

Branches of the anatomy

  • the Myologie is the anatomical study of the muscles.

  • the Arthrologie is the anatomical study of the articulations.
  • the Ostéologie is the anatomical study of the Os.
  • the Splanchnologie is the anatomical study of the Viscère S.
  • the study of the blood-vessels and lymphatic is sometimes called Angiologie; more, consult Anatomie of the vessels at the man.
  • the Neuroanatomie is the anatomical study of the central Nervous system and peripheral.
  • Functional anatomy (study of the relationship between structure and functions of the bodies)
  • Pathological anatomy (study micro and macroscopic of sick fabrics, in opposition to the histology which studies normal fabrics)
  • Comparative anatomy (study of various animals (including the Man) with an aim of highlighting their resemblances and their differences)
  • radiological Anatomie (in order to include/understand and analyze radiographies and the Medical imagery)
  • the vegetable Morphologie is a synonym of “vegetal anatomy”.

Anatomical position of reference, reference axes and qualifiers of orientation

Anatomical position of reference

It is always the position from which one studies the normal human body, at the adulthood, in vertical station the criteria are:

  1. the alive subject in the position upright, vis-a-vis the observer;
  2. tended lower extremities, plain heels and feet in light external rotation;
  3. the glance with the horizontal one, (plan of Frankfurt);
  4. hanging arms along the body;
  5. front armlevers and hands in supination (hand opened, palm forwards, the inch towards outside, fingers pointing downwards);
  6. for the man, the penis at rest.

Reference axes

  1. vertical Axis ; feet with the head

  1. sagittal Axis ; of front behind

  1. horizontal Axis ; from left to right or conversely

|valign=" top" width=" 50%" | -->

Qualifiers of orientation

Crânial or encephalic in direction of the head or quite simply superior

Caudal towards the feet (inferior) (historically the anatomical nomenclature was used to describe the anatomy of the animals with four legs, therefore this qualifier indicated the direction of the tail (in opposition to the muzzle or to the nozzle (= rostral); at the Man the coccyx constitutes the vestige of this appendix and is thus the reference for the " term; caudal" ; one will not be able to thus apply this adjective to the elements of the pelvic member (and by extension of the thoracic member) for whom one will prefer " distal" and " proximal")

Side or external

Médial or intern

Median located on the line of centers of the body (axis cérébro-spinal) or a member

Antérieur or ventral which looks at/is located forwards

Postérieur or dorsal which looks at/is located backwards

Palmar for the front face of the hand

Plantar for the lower part of the foot

Dorsal for the face postpones hand and the higher face of the foot

Proximal near to the root of a member

Distal near to the end of a member |}

Various cuts and seen

The sagittal cut is vertical, in the median plane; a para-sagittal cut is parallel to the sagittal cut but in side than it is on the right or on the left.

There are two types of transverse cut : The original standard , where the cut is seen top, and the standard scanner where the cut is seen lower part (currently more used in anatomy).

A seen dorsal is a sight which comes from the back, and a seen ventral is a sight which approaches by the ventral part. |}

Bodies and structures of the human body by area

Area of the head and the Neck

Dorsal area and central Nervous system

  • the Spinal column (columna vertebralis) , or Rachis, is made up of 33 or 34 Vertèbre S (vertebrae) : 24 true vertebrae plus those of the Sacrum and the Coccyx.
    • 7 cervical vertebrae (cervical vertebrae) : they form the cervical rachis;
    • 12 thoracic vertebrae parfois called vertebrae dorsales (vertebrae thoracicae) : thoracic rachis;
    • 5 vertebrae lombales (or lumbar) (vertebrae lumbales) : lumbar rachis;
    • 5 vertebrae sacral (or crowned) (vertebrae sacral) which is welded: the sacrum;
    • 4 or 5 welded vertebrae coccygiennes (vertebrae coccygea) : the coccyx.
  • Spinal-cord

Thorax

  • Diaphragm
  • Center - gland mammaire
  • 12 pairs of coasts, the first 7 pairs are connected (thanks to their cartilage) directly to the sternum, 8th, 9th and 10th pairs are connected to the cartilage of the 7th pair. 11th and 12th pairs are not connected to the sternum and are called floating ribs .
  • Sternum, it is composed of three parts: the manubrium and the body sternal (compound of sternèbres welded between them) like the process xiphoïde .
  • Lung S, they are two. The right lung is subdivided in three lobes (superior, means and inferior). The left lung has only two lobes (superior and inferior) in order to leave place in the middle. They, each one, are covered with a double envelope: the plèvre which is used as structure of " glissement" between the lungs and the rib cage. The lungs are composed of pulmonary fabric and air routes . The air routes are made up of the trachea , of the bronchi right stocks and lefts which are divided then into bronchi , bronchioles and cells . Blood circulation is double and distinct (like the liver). On the one hand, the functional circulation (which merges with the small circulation of the organization): the arteries and pulmonary veins respectively transporting blood désaturé (low in oxygen and loaded with carbonic gas, resulting from the ventricle right), and blood saturated (rich in oxygen and low in carbonic gas intended for the left auricle). In addition the nutritive circulation : the bronchial arteries and veins (resulting from the great circulation of the organization).
  • Heart, it is primarily made up of muscular fabric: the myocardium . Its contraction is ordered by a structure neuromusculaire: the nodes and the ways of conduction . It is covered by two envelopes: a double, external, the pericardium (of which the cardiac layer is called the épicarde ), being used for the " glissement" heart inside the médiastin, and simple, internal, the endocarde which recovers the interior of the cardiac cavities. The direction of circulation is determined by three valvules (themselves made up of valves ), a double: the mitral one, and two triple: the aortic one and the tricuspide. The vascularization of the myocardium, the nodes and the ways of conduction is ensured by two arterial trunks coronary right, left and their branches. The heart is composed of " two cœurs" , left right and it. On the left and in top, the auricle (or atrium) left and the left ventricle; on the right and in bottom, the auricle (or atrium) right and the ventricle right.
  • Médiastin, it is space in the center of the thorax. It is located in front of the spinal column and can be divided into several quadrants. One distinguishes the former and lower médiastin (where the heart is located), the former médiastin and crânial (where the thymus (in the child is located) or its remainders (in the adult), the lower pole of thyroid, the ascending thoracic aorta, the aortic arch and arterial trunks brachio-cephalic, the trachea and the bronchi stocks), the posterior médiastin and crânial (where are located the esophagus, the higher vena cava, the pneumogastric nerve (or vagus) and the stick of the large vein azygos) and the posterior and lower médiastin (where are located the large vein azygos, the downward thoracic aorta, the lower vena cava, the esophagus, the vagus and lymphatic vessels).
  • Esophagus

In private clinic, the university of Kinshasa (department of surgery) adopted the subdivision of the médiastin in 9 areas for better locating various pathologies. One describes then:

  • the higher médiastin: former, average and posterior
  • the average médiastin: former, average and posterior
  • the lower médiastin: former, average and posterior.
Thus one will be able easily to locate a pathology according to whether the body reached is located in one of these areas known mentioned

Abdomen

Remark on the coasts:

The first 7 pairs of coasts are called the coasts sternales (or true ribs) the 3 following pairs are the asternales (or false ribs) the two last pairs of coasts (which are not attached to the sternum) are the floating ribs . The coasts sternales and the asternales are attached to the sternum via the costal cartilages

Basin

Members

See too

External bonds

  • Human anatomy: Texts and images of anatomy and functional neuroanatomy
  • interactive Atlas of anatomy out of cut of the whole body
  • interactive Atlas of anatomy
  • Voir diagrams detailed on the human body
  • Discover the mysteries of the Human body

Random links:Boeing 767 | Block of resistance and the development | Antoine Héroët | Skulker | National union of the workers

© 2007-2008 speedlook.com; article text available under the terms of GFDL, from fr.wikipedia.org