Anarchist-Communism

The anarchist-Communism associates two terms of which one, Anarchisme, define the movement Libertaire which wants the political Liberté (imperative Mandatement, Autogestion, Fédéralisme, Direct democracy) and the other, Communisme, which proverb “With each one according to its needs, of each one according to its capacities” wants freedom economic on the basis of the need for the individuals (by census by communes, district, companies and different other federate means), for then organizing the production in order to answer the listed or estimated needs, and that without limitation other than the capacities and the needs for interested (which have them even needs and capacities to be divided). There is thus no economic or political centralism (as in Marxist collectivism), because the form of the organization is free (associationism, federalism…) and it does not exceed the will of the individuals (because possibility of revocation of elected).

Origin and History of libertarian Communism

The libertarian current is an entity with whole share.

The movement Anarchiste is since its origins associated with the socialist movement (Joseph Déjacque, Charles Fourier, Proudhon, Victor Considering, Bakounine, Cœurderoy…).

The proverb of socialism was “the administration of the things”, and the abolition of the administration of the men (that is to say of the State) was his consequence.

An organization, the International association of the workers (A), tried to define in these basic principles the principles of the administration of the things. However, of many divergences existed within HAS. " mutuellistes " took as a starting point Proudhon, the collectivists took as a starting point Michel Bakounine and the Communists were inspired in particular by Karl Marx. Soon, two different means to arrive at the application of these principles were discussed within the International one. One planned to carry out a fight on the political field (including with participation in the elections) to the service of the working class, like average transient, the other passed in addition to and only the working Autonomie like only means of emancipation preached. With the congresses of $the Hague of 1872, three anarchistic was excluded from the first International one by vote of the congress, which was in spite of it a suicide of the HAS, already weakened: the scission which followed was very important.

The libertarians such as Bakounine and Proudhon, although in dissension on many points, wished the strict abolition of official hegemony. They considered moreover that any domination, that it is at the parliamentary level, or even industrial (owners, chiefs, etc) could not would be this to only take part in the happiness of the men. The base of the decision must be made on a people scale, alone possible decisive entity. The libertarians exècrent the parliamentary representativeness, counted like profiteuse and miserly elite.

As from this moment there, the anarchistic movement changed and various tendencies continued to develop in its center, the ones more or less complementary with the others. There were the collectivists (bakouninists), the individualists (stirneriens…), the trade unionists (Pouget…) and the Communists (Malatesta…) and perhaps of other tendencies…

Anarchistic Communism was proclaimed for the first time at the Italian Federation of the HAS (anti-authoritative St-imier created in 1872) to the congress of Florence of 1876 by Costa, Errico Malatesta, Carlo Cafiero and Covelli. this positioning was taken in opposition to the collectivism which was the official position of the HAS anti-authoritative (with the influence of Bakounine) of this time.

The choice of Communism rather than collectivism quickly appeared in the anarchistic movement because of the fear which an economic centralism could be brought by the theory collectivist (of which the defender was Michel Bakounine)… Indeed, this theory proposed to quantify the value of work, and this according to time or the task carried out. That implied that there is an economic centralism which defines this value (in currency or goods of consumption), and thus of the people specialized in the estimate of the value of work; theoretically and practically, that would have been obviously unacceptable for the anarchists, because it is not possible and desirable to define a value in the human activity. The anarchistic communist theory swept all these constraints or failures associated with the libertarian Collectivisme, and Communism became for a good portion of the anarchists the successor of collectivism in many regions. Spanish will keep collectivism a long time as bases economic considered, and this until the beginning of the year thirty, where they then considérérent libertarian Communism like goal.

Reflections and questions around the modes of organizations, the such revolutionary Trade unionism at the beginning of the XX éme century, and also in the Twenties following the Russian revolution, the such Plateformisme, appeared within the movement anarchist-Communist. Many communist anarchists (of which Malatesta, Cafiero, Faure, Berneri,…) negatively answered the punt formism (for its theoretical insufficiencies being able to allow an authoritarianism to settle within its organization) or the revolutionary trade unionism (which could lead another share that to anarchy).

Since the Russian revolution, where the Bolsheviks adapted the word “Communism”, although they practiced only the collectivism of State (even of the Capitalisme of State), the word “Communism” is associated with these groupings of State (what is however nona direction, since Communism is a mode of organization without State). However the history of the communist movement is much older and more rich person that the Collectivisme of State, and existed well before Marx and the Marxiste S.

In years 60-70, Daniel Guerin tried the development of a current qualified of “Marxist libertarian”, seeking to make the synthesis between Anarchisme and Marxisme. It acted for anarchism of réapproprier the design materialist of the History, and for the majority Marxism to get rid of aimings etatists and authoritative. If the term does not have any more course today, this concept had the merit to clarify the convergence points of the " marxisme" and of anarchism, in particular on the question of the economic and social analysis.

Anarchistic Communist experiments

Communist anarchism developed in various organizations and various regions…

*Il had there experiences of anarchistic Communism in Ukraine in various cantons or villages which were however too short so that one can withdraw a teaching of this period, however it remains writings of Makhno about goulai polié and of its surroundings, as for its organization. This movement gave the name celebrates " Makhnovtchina" , representative on the one hand will of independence of the Ukraine in 1917-1920, under the yoke of the Bolsheviks.

*L' the most important experiment which existed anarchistic Communism put into practice took place in Spain during the revolutionary period going from 1936 to 1938. As of the July 18th, day of the insurrection, a collectivization of the grounds and factories was done in almost all “republican” Spain with more or less of intensity according to the areas and the working force and country-woman present and influenced by the anarchists. In certain parts the communes or communities lived according to anarchistic Communism, in other parts libertarian collectivism. The Spanish experiment is discussed insofar as certain propose lived democratic and popular one, while others stress that the anarchistic ideas do not have permi to organize the victory against fascistic rising.

It was also put in experiment a form little known of economy, it was the abolition of the currency. Having been put at the tests on certain federal sections, it was recognized that this test was not only one success, but it has delights the people having taken part in this action. The arrival of Free with the capacity was a vagueness striking the libertarian communities: all was abolished and repressed.

* There is finally experience of the primitive companies which, with the 4 corners of the world (Americas, Africa, Asia, Polynésie), perduré under this lasting mode of organization of the millenia. See on this subject excel it book of Marshall Sahlins, " Stone Age, old of abondance" like that of Pierre Clastres, " the company against the état" , without forgetting the many examples which attest good performance of the libertarian mode today: self-management in Argentina, libertarian communities under the time of the Soviets, the examples appeared in France, in short, everywhere in the world the demonstrations do not miss. If all these forms of self-management were abolished, let us not forget that it is partly in question of the perpetual avarice of the men, with which that " profitait" not. These systems of organization emphasize the satisfaction of the need for each one, and not the surplus and the benefit of some ones with the detriment of all.

Texts

Principles and theories on Anarchistic Communism

  • “Communism and anarchism” of Carlo Cafiero.

  • “the anarchistic Communism” of Pierre Kropotkine (in the conquest of the bread (ch.3)).
  • “the anarchistic program” of Malatesta.
  • “evolution the revolution and the anarchistic ideal” Recluse.
  • “anarchists, which they are, which they are not” Sebastien Faure.
  • “Platform of organization of the libertarian Communists” of Nestor Makhno, Ida Mett, Piotr Arshinov, Valevsky and Linsky (1926).
  • “the Proclamation for a Libertarian Alternative”

“Anarchistic self-management, of the editions of the libertarian world.” “The Makhnoviste movement, of the editions of the libertarian world.”

On the experiments of Anarchistic Communism

  • the unknown revolution of voline (history of the Russian revolution and of which a part on the experiments in Ukraine with the mahknovtchina)

  • libertarian Spain of 1936 of Gaston Leval (description of the experiments of the communities in Spain)
  • teaching of the Spanish revolution of Vernon Richard (critical on collectivism in Spain)
  • “Catalonia 1936” of Abel Paz (lived communities).

Criticisms

  • critical of anarchist-Communism by an individualistic anarchist

Quotations

“Each discovery, each progress, each increase in the human richnesses is the result of physical work and intellectual achieved in the past and the present. Then, of which right somebody can it adapt the least piece of this immense all, and to say: is this with me, not with you? ”
Pierre Kropotkine , the conquest of the bread, Paris, 1892
“Communism - that it is necessary to take care not to confuse with' the Communist party' - is social doctrines which, based on the abolition of the personal property and the pooling of all the means of production and all the products, tend to substitute for the current capitalist mode the shape of levelling and fraternal company. There are two kinds of Communism: the authoritative Communism which require the maintenance of the State and of the Institutions which proceed about it and the libertarian Communism which implies disappearance of it”.
Sebastien Faure , Article “Communism”, anarchistic Encyclopedia, vol. 1.

See too

Dependant topics

Close movements

History

Authors

Bonds

  • DicoPo, Political Dictionary of Theory
  • DanielGuerin.info Site devoted to the life and the work of Daniel Guerin (1904-1988), French figure of the extreme left, one of the principal theorists of the synthesis of Communism and anarchism

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