Amnon

A international organization (OI) is a Organization which gathers moral persons in order to coordinate actions concerning several countries.

These organizations take an particular importance following the rise of the Mondialisation, for example while bringing a legal framework to certain activities relating to the whole of the world or vast zones of this one.

Types

The two types of organizations are:

  • those public, known as also intergovernmental (OIG) , which emanate from, and are controlled by governments of various nongovernmental countries
  • and those (ONG) which emanates private members of various countries.
The term international organization is used to indicate the only intergovernmental organizations more particularly. It is necessary to in addition note, for those, the large range of the terms used, which adds blur in the vocabulary: " Organization internationale" , " Organization of authority internationale" , " Institution internationale" , " Organization multilatéral" , examples constitute some. Admittedly, in more deepened analysis, nuances appear of an expression to another.

The international organizations, within the meaning of OIG were allowed like subjects derived from the public International law (DIP), constituting at the sides of the States, the only institutions to form integral part of the reserved circle of the subjects of this branch of the right. (The debates are in hand, which tends to break this system closure, to admit the human person like subject of this right).

The continuation of the article treats only organization intergovernmental.

Number and fields of exercise

As considering higher, not to confuse the OI and ONG. These last are approximately 3.000 in the world. They are associations of private law, whose activity is international. The the Red Cross, Amnesty International or Doctors without borders (MSF) are examples.

In the world in 1996, there are 320 international organizations, it had only 100 in 1950 of them there.

The international organizations cover all the fields of the human activity.

Examples of intergovernmental organizations with planetary vocation

Examples with restricted geographical field

There exist intergovernmental organizations of restricted geographical field, because centered on:

  • a particular area of the world, as the European Union (still which it is about an organization combining the Supranational and the intergovernmental one)
  • of cultural or historical affinities specific, like the Francophonie, the the Commonwealth or the Arab Ligue
  • of the shared interests, like the Organization of the oil exporting countries (OPEC)
  • of the poolings of ideas and capacities of research, like the economic Cooperation organization and of development (OECD)
  • even of simple vestiges of traditional military alliances, like the Organization of treaty of the North Atlantic (NATO)

Definition

An International organization is the association of Sovereign states established by an agreement (it is generally an international treaty which becomes its statute) between her members and equipped with a permanent apparatus of common bodies, responsible for the realization of the shared interests by a co-operation between them. The OI have a legal personality distinct from that of the Member States.

Creation

A OI is created thanks to a legal instrument which notes the agreement of the Member States. This legal instrument can cover several names: charter, constitution, statutes, etc

It takes the form either of an international treaty, or of a convention, or of an agreement. It is subjected to the procedure of ratification. So that a legal instrument of a OI between into force, it is necessary that this instrument reached a number of ratification fixed by the multilateral act founder. This number can be is a minimal number, which is then called a threshold (the most frequent situation in the International organizations with universal vocation, such United Nations), or totality of the Member States (situation most often met in the International organizations with restricted vocation, specifically International organizations of integration, inducing relations reinforced between the Member States).

For example OMC is coming into effect when there were at least 80 ratifications out of 128 members. Texts as that of the Traité of Versailles founding the Société of the Nations (SDN) are never coming into effect for lack of ratification.

Legal capacity

The OI enjoy the legal entity. They have 4 privileges then:

  • they have movable goods and real
  • they can ester (to act) in Justice
  • they can assert certain immunities, for example tax (the international civils servant do not pay a tax S and not of taxation of in particular the alcohol S or the Cigarette S, nor VAT, or social contributions).
  • they conclude from the agreements either with the States, or with other OI. The headquarters agreements (authorization to build buildings) are an example.

Organic structure

The majority of the OI vote according to the majority principle (simple majority: 50% plus 1 vote, are the reinforced or qualified majority: 2/3 or percentage of the voices). With the Funds international currency (the IMF) for example, there is a majority of the 4/5 for the decisions of all kinds.

More and more the practice of the consensus develops: there is no formal vote. For example with OMC one does not vote, one asks whether somebody is against the vote; if nobody answers, the law is adopted. Logic is that one should not waste time to apply a text which is useful to all.

Any OI is tripartite (3 series of bodies):

  • an assembly of the Member States: it is a body deliberating
  • a secretariat: it is a body administrative and permanent of the organization, it is the executive. At its head, there are a secretary or a president. Ban Ki-moon is for example current (January the 2007) General secretary of UNO.
  • consultative bodies and technical: experts, consultants (who are people external with the OI).

Statutes of the languages employed

The international organizations define statutes for the use of the languages:

Financing

Each State contributes to the budget of the organization (they are the contributors). Calculation east defines according to the statutes. But it is generally based on two parameters: the Gross domestic product (GDP) (the richer it is, the more it contributes), and the share of the Member State in the world commerce. According to these those criteria, one determines a percentage. But there can be exceptions, as with the Organization of the oil exporting countries (OPEC), where the levelling principle is applied. The share of each State is the same one.

Activities

They are of two orders:

  • Normative : any OI has the aim of working out standards of international law which will be adopted and applied by each Member State. For example in 1991 the International convention of the rights of the child, all the States of the world ratified it, but is it applied?
  • Operational : like technical assistance (expert sending on the spot like does it the IMF, to make the inventory of fixtures) or intervention in the event of different between States (practical which takes place in the OI with regional vocation like the European Union), or the inspection on the spot for the control of certain standards.

See too

Simple: International organization Zh-min-nan: Kok-chè cho͘-chit

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