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The Cooperation organization and of development economic ( OECD , in English OECD: Organization for Economic Co-opération and Development ) is a International organization of economic studies, whose Member States, mainly of the Pays developed S, in common have a system of government Démocratique and a market economy.

OECD succeeded the European Organization of economic cooperation (OEEC) which existed of 1948 with 1960 and which played a big role in the execution of the Marshall plan.

In 2007, OECD counts 30 Member States, it gathers several hundreds of experts in its research centres, in Paris (the seat is with the Château of the Dumb woman) and frequently publishes economic studies - analyzes, forecasts and recommendations of Economic policy - and statistics, mainly concerning its Member States.

Member States

December 14th, 1960, twenty countries signed the Relative convention with the economic Cooperation organization and of development. Since then, ten other countries adhered to OECD which includes/understands thus almost all the developed Pays and democratic of the world (except some countries like Singapore, Israel…). She accounts for 76% of world GNP in 2007.

Widenings considered

It was decided to open in May 2007 the negotiations with five other countries (the Chile, the Estonia, Israel, the Fédération of Russia and the Slovenia), for their adhesion with OECD, and to strengthen the co-operation of OECD with the South Africa, the Brésil, the China, the India and the Indonesia, within the framework of programs of engagement reinforced for their possible adhesion.

In a more remote future priority will be given to widening towards the countries of the Southeast Asia.

History

See also: European Organization of economic cooperation

Founded in 1948 to set up the Marshall plan, the European Organization of economic cooperation (OEEC) sees its economic role decreasing when this one comes to a end, in 1952. It turns to the economic studies, it extends its glance beyond European dimension, and takes finally in 1961 the name of OECD.

In addition to the deepening of its internal structure, OECD created various attached agencies: the Agency for nuclear energy (AEN, 1972), the International agency of energy (IEA, in 1974, following the First oil crisis), the Committee of Development assistance of OECD (CAD, 1961), the Action group financial on the bleaching of the capital (GAFI, 1989). In addition, the Development center of OECD provides the interface with the Developing country since 1962.

Organization

The structure interns OECD is divided into twelve branches: (branches), the fields of study are separate in six broad topics:

Economic designs

OECD wants to be before a whole place of exchanges and comparison between Member States. It adopted a pragmatic approach consisting in preaching, for each country, the installation of Economic policies having proven reliable elsewhere, in similar situations, mainly in the fields of the competition, of the education ( to see Programme RAMMED), of the Economic growth, the and political , , , distribution of income Réglementation Taxation of the economic situation Endettement.

She encourages the Libre-échange and the competition, source of Innovation and productivity gains. To fight against the Unemployment, OECD recommends inter alia the Déréglementation Job market.

The economic design of OECD, if it is especially pragmatic (preaching the policies which gave the best results within the Member States), approaches the arguments of the Economic liberalism, and often returns in opposition with certain principles keynésiens.

For example, while underlining the adjustments necessary and requires it to protect the employees, and not the Emploi S, she encourages the economic Mondialisation and the opening of the markets.

To draw up its economic studies, OECD rests on its Database economic, one the most provided of to the world.

Studies and publications

OECD publishes specialized periodic reports, as well as specific reports/ratios for certain fields, of the statistical data, the study-countries, and the working papers ( working papers , with the more technical contents).

On the whole, OECD publishes between 300 and 500 reports/ratios each year in English. The majority are translated into French (French is the second Official language of OECD).

All the summaries and an important part of the total returns are available free on line on '' SourceOECD '' and the online shop.

Periodic reports/ratios

The most known reports/ratios of OECD are published in regular intervals (often annually). They carry out each year an exhaustive review of the current location of all OECD countries, in a particular field. One counts mainly: (confers list of the annual reports and list of the periodicals)

  • the economic Outlooks for OECD ( OECD Economic Outlook )
    • binannuel. It contains the economic forecasts and of the analyzes of the economic situation of the Member States. last numéro
  • Perspective of the use of OECD ( OECD Employment Outlook )
    • annual. lien
  • the Glances on education ( Education Outlook )
    • annual. last numéro
  • Principal economic indicators of OECD ( OECD Hand Economic Indicators )
    • monthly. Broad selection of statistical indicators. lien
  • the Panorama of the statistics of OECD ( OECD Factbook ), annual (many economic variables).
  • OECD in figures ( OECD in Figures )
    • annual. lien
  • the Observant of OECD ( OECD To observe )
    • magazine with six annual publications. site officiel
  • Given OECD over the environment , every two years.
  • Perspective of the communications of OECD ( OECD Communications Outlook ) lien and Perspective of information technologies of OECD ( OECD Information Technology Outlook ) lien (one each year per rotation).

Study-country

OECD publishes, for each one of its Member States, all both or three years, a “ study-country ”, re-examined exhaustive of the economic situation of the country, recommendations of Economic policy and the assessment of the last reforms.

For France, for example, the most recent study country is published current June 2007.

Specialized reports/ratios

In addition to the periodic reports/ratios, OECD regularly undertakes studies on various topics " with the pointe" empirical research in economy.

In particular, OECD is at the origin of the Modèle pressure-state-answer , which aims at modelling the answer of the organizations to the environmental pressures. This model was extended thereafter to other fields.

Particular fields

Fight against corruption

OECD is with the point as regards fight against the Corruption. It created in 1998 the Convention of OECD against corruption.

Its relative independence compared to its Member States enables him to underline the dangers of corruption there.

Protection of the Investment

OECD plays a big role in an attempt at multilateral regulation of the protection of the Investissement. Of 1995 with 1998 a forum of negotiations allowed the creation of the Multilateral agreement on the investments (FRIENDLY agreement, or in multilateral English agreement one investment ), who is used as model today with many bilateral agreements. Such agreements exist today primarily only at the bilateral level (the APPI: agreements for the protection and the promotion of the investments), that States establish between them when they for of feel the need (for example: the agreement between the Swiss Federal council and the Government of the United Arab Emirates concerning the Promotion and the reciprocal protection of investments RS 0.975.232.5).

The guiding principles for the treatment of the overseas investment worked out in 1992 within the international Bank for the rebuilding and the development (BIRD) constitute another source of inspiration for the drafting of agreements on the protection of the investment.

With the international level it was until now difficult to find a consensus. UNO (more precisely UNCTAD) could play a part, however, the States are wary of UNO with regard to the economic international law (considering each country, rich person or poor, have the same weight).

As for OMC (in 2001 in Singapore or 2004 in Geneva), no agreement could be born in its center; OMC thus continues today to regulate the fields of the Commerce, the services and the Intellectual property (what is already considerable) without dealing of the protection and the development of the investment with the international level. Despite everything, the hopes relate nevertheless to this organization which could attack this building site in the years which come.

List nonco-operative tax shelters according to OECD

OECD publishes a " list noire" not-co-operative countries for the information exchange tax and the transparency.

See also: Contenu=Article detailed: [[Not-co-operative tax Paradises fiscal#Paradis according to OECD]], [[Tax shelter according to OECD]]

Leaders

General secretaries

Chief economist

Criticisms

OECD, with the image of the others international organizations, is criticized by some Altermondialiste S. One would reproach him his Economic liberalism. However, its empirical approach limit criticisms of ideological bias which can be to him addressed.

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