Amerindians in the United States

The term Amerindian designates the first occupants of the American continent and their descendants. In 1492, the explorer Christophe Colomb thinks of having touched the the Western Indies whereas it has just unloaded in America. Because of this error, one continues to use the word “Indians” to speak about the populations of the New World. With work of the cartographer Martin Waldseemüller at the beginning of the 16th century, one starts to speak about “American continent”, in the honor of the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci; its inhabitants become the “Indians of America” to distinguish them from the populations of the India.

In absence of name which makes consensus, one uses sometimes the expressions of “first nations” or “first people”. The formula “Skins red” is old and is never used with the the United States where one prefers the expressions Native Americans (American of origin), Native peoples (people of origin), American Indians , First Nations (first nations), Aboriginal Peoples (indigenous people), American Indians (Indian of America), Indigenous Peoples off America (native-born people of America), Amerindians (Amerindian) or Amerinds ; but none is really satisfactory because of the diversity of these people and because the latter reject them and prefer to employ their name of nation or tribe.

Amerindians at the time précolombienne

Sources

To recall the past of the Amerindian tribes is a real challenge for the historians. Indeed, their culture rests on the oral transmission. Contrary to the Maya S or the Aztec , the people of North America do not use any written form at the time précolombienne and remain consequently in the Protohistoire. Influenced by Europeans, certain people (Cheyennes, Intrigues, Cries) develop however a written form Syllabaire, in a late way.

For as much, to write a history of the Amerindians is not completely impossible. It is necessary for that to cross the archaeological and artistic sources. The study of the scenes and the calendars painted on the skins of animals or that of the Pétroglyphe S of American South-west is often used by the specialists.

The history of the Amerindian people can also be partly reconstituted thanks to the accounts of Europeans having established the first contacts. Missionaries, explorers, officers, runners of wood gives interesting information on the natives. For example, the memorialist of the forwarding of Pánfilo de Narváez, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca consigned its ethnographic observations on native-born people of the Gulf of Mexico, published in 1555 pennies the title of Naufragios ( Naufrages ). These testimonys are however of a quite particular nature; they are those of the conquerors who fear the autochtones, scorn them or describe them like savages. Certain writings of prisoners, facts captive of the Amerindians following raids, present interesting information on different the people from North America. Reduced in Slavery, these prisoners live within the tribes, and sometimes delivered invaluable descriptions for the anthropologists.

Prehistoric settlement

See also: Theories of the first settlement of America

It is generally allowed that the arrival of the first men on the American continent goes up with the glacial last era. At that time, the Bering Strait is taken by the ices and forms a terrestrial passage between Asia and America borrowed of the Asian populations wandering.

The human presence is attested in Alaska towards 20 000 before J. - C., towards 16 000 before J. - C. on the east coast (Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina) and towards 13 000 before J. - C. on the Site Clovis (New Mexico).

Today, certain specialists call into question the only Asian origin of the first occupants of America. They use the recent discoveries to accredit the thesis of a European migration to the Paléolithique superior.

Disappeared cultures

The various prehistoric sites attest initially existence of groups of wandering hunters-gatherers. With the favor of a climate warming and méso-American influences, these populations sédentarisées and developed the first forms of Agriculture. The civilizations disappeared before the arrival from Europeans are divided into two principal areas. One is in the east of the the Mississippi, where open out successively the Mound Builders, of the Adena S, the Hopewell S and the ages of the Mississippi; the other occupies the South-west of the current United States, where are côtoient the Mogollon S, the Hohokam S and the Anasazi S.

These civilizations present an high degree of development marked by a certain level of urbanization (Cahokia, Chaco Canyon), an effective agriculture (irrigated in South-west), a refined craft industry and monumental places of worship (Tertre S out of ground of the Mound Builders , Kiva S of Anasazis). The causes of their collapse before the 16th century remain dubious.

Common cultural characteristics

The Amerindians know one pet before the arrival of Europeans: the Dog. He was a companion of hunting and guard. They also practice the breeding of the Dinde. Being unaware of the techniques of the Metallurgy, they do not have iron tools and worked the ground by means of simple agrarian instruments, out of wood and stone. The Omoplate S of Bison S are used to manufacture kinds of spades. Living in Symbiose with their natural environment, the Indians depend on the climatic conditions and the natural resources, even if they knew to adapt to the constraints. Each great unit thus developed an activity of predilection, with its clean Savoir-faire.

Beliefs and mythology

Being given large to the Acculturation Amerindians of today, it is often difficult to find their original beliefs. They were christianized by the European priests as from the 17th century. However, of the elements of the Indian beliefs remained, following the example situation in Central America.

If there exists a diversity in the rites and the Indian superstitions, it is nevertheless possible to release some common points which make it possible to include/understand their spirituality. Initially, the Amerindians live in the respect of Nature. They are animists and make offerings with the ground-mother. The purpose of the rites and the ceremonies are to reconcile the forces of nature, like the rain or the sun. They honor creative and single God called “ Large Esprit ” to which they give the name of “Wacondah” or of “captain of the sky” (Apaches). There exist also secondary gods or “ Auxiliaires spirits; ” (for example: spirits of the wind, fire, the thunder, or wakantanka, the god of hunting).

The religious practices are not the monopoly of a Clergé strictly speaking: the Shaman is charged to read and interpret the supernatural signs by the Rêve and the Transe which it reaches thanks to Jeûne S or the catch of Drogue S (Peyotl). The border between the visible world and the world of the spirits does not exist and the beliefs are expressed in every moment of the daily life.

On a symbolic system plan, each animal and crowned element must be represented in the form of totem or of signs (circle, cross, triangle). Each clan has to it his: the tortoise for the Iroquois; the bear for the Mohawks, the Peace pipe for the Cayugas. These groups totemic are however quite distinct from the tribes.

The Indians also share common rites. Before the prayers or the great ceremonies (departure with hunting, with the war, passage at the adulthood), the rites of purification use the Tabac and the Sauge but also of the ritual baths. The dance also holds a dominating place at the time of the large gatherings (the Pow wow). The Dance of the Spirits ( Ghost Dance ) brings together the participants who repeat verses with the sound of the drums. Their incantations can lead to fright. The purpose of the Dance of the Sun ( Sun Dance ) in the Large Plains is to venerate the diurnal star, for the period of the Solstice of summer. It is accompanied by voluntary body mutilations intended to show its courage and to enter in fright.

Social organization and policy

The war

Although the Amerindians are not organized in State S, the wars between tribes are frequent. For example, in the east, the Sénéca S (a tribe Iroquois E) face regularly the Cherokee S. In the High Plains, the Sioux massacre the Mandans and Apaches frequently attacks the Pueblos in South-west. At the beginning of the 17th century, the French colonizers take share with the attacks of the algonquin and the Huron against their enemies iroquois. The latter retort in the middle of the 17th century and end up weakening the confederation of the Huron ones. The most frightening warriors are the Indiens Plains.

All these conflicts are wars of territory, honor, plundering or revenge. Courage and bravery are basic principles at the Indians. The valorous combatant thus holds an important place within the tribe. The treaties of alliance are discussed around fire of the great council. Peace is announced by the peace pipe, the war by the axe. No document is signed because the word of honor is enough.

The ceremonies which precede the battle consist of dances of warriors out of weapons. Before the attack, the Indians launch their war cry which must frighten the enemy and weld the group.

In general, the women and the children are saved at the time of the attacks. Certain prisoners are adopted (at Iroquois) others are tortured or struck with blows of stick. Certain warriors eat the bodies of overcome or keep trophies (fingers or scalp). Before the arrival of Europeans, the Indians do not lay out that of rudimentary weapons: chop, Tomahawk, arrows and arc, bludgeon, knife…

Craft industry and Arts

Amerindian art is before very pictorial and decorative: signs (ideograms) or Pictogram S on their tents, their shields, their potteries, their masks… and also in body paintings. Works generally are very coloured.

The body expression, the dance and the music are artistic forms which accompany the rites and the religious ceremonies. Once again, the demonstrations are very varied: Gourd Dance (Indian of the Plains of the south), Ghost Dance , Peyote song (Apaches), waila music (Tohono O' odham)…

The craft industry depends on the natural environment and the lifestyle: the sedentaries manufacture objects intended to keep harvests. The people of South-west are famous for their ceramics, their basket making like for their geometrical and coloured weavings. The Indians of the Plains decorate their weapons and their costumes, paint on the skins of bison, carry jewels and refined ornaments. The inhabitants of the North-West carve immense masts totemic and masks in the wood of Thuya. The people of North work the bone and the horn.

. This cutting makes it possible to study the differences between the people, without to give an account of all their diversity. These surfaces are established according to the natural environment, which condition the lifestyle of the populations partly, and of the linguistic family.

Sub-Arctic areas

In the current State of the Alaska, the medium is unfavourable with agriculture. In the north of this area, the winter is particularly long and rigorous, the ground is cold a good part of the year. The Toundra yields the place to the Taïga more in the south, which gives to the Amerindians game and wood resources. The latter learned how to use the natural resources as well as possible: in the absence of harvests, they are wandering and turn to the fishing, hunting and the gathering to survive. They continue the caribou in the forests, equipped with rackets and toboggans (the Toboggan S) which enable them to progress easily in snow. They go up the rivers by means of Canoë in bark of Bouleau. They collect Maple syrup. Their weapons are rudimentary: arc, arrows, bludgeon and lance. The Cries and the Chipewyan S are devoted to frequent wars for the control of the territories of fishing and hunting. They make slaves who are exchanged against raw materials, like the Silex or the Cuivre. They live in Wigwam S or semi shelters buried, in particular during the winter. Among certain people, the elderly were abandoned in nature without food. The majority of the people of the sub-Arctic zone belong either to the family of the Langues athapascanes, or with that of the Langues algonquiennes.

The north-western coast of the Pacific

In the North-West (State of Washington, Oregon), the climate and the resources of the sea and rivers offer a medium favourable with the development of the Amerindians. The communities live there fishing with the Cétacé S and the seals; bow nets and stoppings make it possible to capture Saumon S, Truite S and Morue S. the tribes Makhas, Haida S, Nootkas also collect shells and leave in the mountains the interior to drive out the goat, the bear and the wapiti. The abundance of the Thuya S is exploited for many aspects of the material life: it is used with construction as boats decorated monoxyles. The work of wood (masks), the Basket making and weaving replace the pottery easily. The people of this area know a hierarchical social organization, unlike the other Amerindians: there exist groups which are characterized by their row (a nobility, a plebs and slaves); the principal dignitary is a hereditary king who has the most beautiful house, most richly decorated. The villages are made up large houses of Cèdre and thuja in which can place several families. Totemic masts are drawn up in front of the entry. The culture of these people shows several original characteristics like the ritual dance of the Chinook, intended to dissolve snow in spring. The tradition of the potlatch watch also richness and power of the donee (sacrifices of slaves).

Forests of the North-East

The forests of the North-East cover an important going territory of the Big lakes to the Ohio and the Atlantic coast to the the Mississippi. The Amerindians of this area share the lifestyle of the sub-Arctic people partly, but they pursue another game (bear, dash, stag). Their habitat is varied: the Algonquins, the Intrigues or the Abenakis live in Wigwam S. Plus in the south, the Amerindians live in vast houses ( long houses in English) which could accommodate between 10 and 20 families. The sedentary tribes of the south of the New England build villages protected by a palisade out of wooden. The dwellings consist of a timber structure covered with Torchis or barks. The inhabitants of the North-East practice agriculture on the grounds that they clear but hunting and the gathering do not give up to supplement their food. The harvest of the Maïs gives place to ceremonies. The other activities are the trade and fishing on the rivers, practiced thanks to canoes and Pirog S. Certaines tribes is federate: the league of the Iroquois is undoubtedly formed as of the 16th century. The confederation of the Creek joins together some 50 cities which lay out each one of a chief and a council. Lastly, the principal families of languages are the iroquois, the Sioux and the algonquien, which are declined in a multitude of dialects.

Indians of the Large Plains

Plates

The plates of the North-West of the current United States represent vast wide of average or high-altitude. The natural environment is dominated by the forest and of the snow-covered winters. The plates are occupied by various tribes such as the Pierced-nose Indians, the Yakamas or the Flatheads. In the oriental party, the lifestyle is wandering. The Indians are in liaison with the French and Canadian trappers as from the 17th century and become at the following century of the stockbreeders of horses. Forwarding Lewis and Clark discovers the lifestyle of these people at the beginning of the 19th century. The latter live resources of the forest (stag, bear, roots, bays, thuja) and rivers such as the Columbia. They fish salmon at the end of the summer. The houses light at the beautiful season and are partially buried in winter, with a covered ground roof.

South-east

The spaces located at the south of Ohio and around the Gulf of Mexico profit from a medium favorable to agriculture and an abundant fauna. Many tribes developed here, among which Five civilized tribes which are regarded as the heiresses of the cultures mississippiennes. They collect primarily the Maïs, the Courge and the Potato. The subtropical climate makes it possible to make push the Sweet potato, the Banane and the Canne with sugar; the Amerindians also cultivate medicinal plants and tobacco. They consume the products of hunting and fishing. They know the techniques of the pottery and the ceramics, which are used to make objects for the daily life or the funeral worships. The habitat is very diverse: the houses adopt a rectangular plan and are rough-cast of clay in summer; in winter, conical huts with half hidden are used as shelter. In the southernmost areas, the Amerindians live almost naked in covered light huts of palms. To reconcile the forces of nature, the people farmers practice the puskita (ceremony of green corn). Lastly, the languages of South-east are divided into five big families: languages iroquoises (Cherokee…), Caddo (language cadoenne), siouenne, Muskogee (Séminoles, Creeks…) ; as for the language of the Natchez, it constitutes a isolated language.

Cultures of South-west

In South-west, one finds people sedentary influenced by their neighbors and civilizations which preceded them (Anasazi S). Thus the Pueblos, the Hopis, the Zuñi S or the Papagos practice the Irrigation for corn, weave the Coton, make potteries, braid baskets, exploit the Cactus for its water, its juice, its pulp and its syrup, with the properties hallucinogens. Like their ancestors, they build villages of stones or in adobe. They live under the permanent threat of the attacks of the Apaches or the Comanches.

The Grand Basin is marked by the Aridité and is relatively isolated by chains from high mountains (Rocky Mountains in the east and Sierra Nevada in the west). The tribes which live here before the arrival of the Spaniards very few, are dispersed and must adapt to the strong natural constraints. They practice hunting and cultivate irrigated pieces. They braid the Armoise of America and the Yucca to make plaits, loincloths and sandals. Their techniques of basket making are very old. They use the Saule desert for the reinforcement of their houses, which are generally rudimentary conical huts. The houses of sudation (“ sweathouse ” or “ sweatlodge ” in English) are used to purify the body of the men before the ceremonies. The Havasupaï S build villages at the bottom of the Large Canyon. The Shoshone S, the Utes and the Paiute S practice hunting on the plate as of the come autumn. They continue the bison, the wapiti and the goat of the mountains. Hunting enables them to obtain skins of rabbit S to manufacture coats in order to spend the winter.

Originality of California

The current coast of California is isolated from the remainder of the continent by the imposing chain of the Nevada Sierra. Before the arrival of the European colonists, it is populated approximately 250 tribes (Chumash, Maidu, Miwok, Modoc, Ohlone, Tongva…) who belong in majority to the languages athapascanes and share small territories. These groups live in Autarcie in huts manufactured with wood of Séquoia in north, in constructions in adobe in the south. Their craft industry produces objects in basket making, decorated with feathers and shells (hats, sandals, loincloths). They live hunting, fishing and gathering. Certain tribes raise the Dinde for its meat.

The arrival of the White ()

First contacts: European colonization and its consequences

See also: Colonial history of the United States of America

Europeans launch out in the exploration and the conquest of the American continent starting from the end of the 15th century. They establish more or less conflict relations with the natives, in a context of colonial competition. They make use of the competitions between the tribes and seek to draw up the Indians the ones against the others. Especially, they introduce unknown diseases of the Amerindians (Variole, Grippe) who make devastations. They exchange with them new products, which modify their lifestyles: alcohol, weapons, corn, objects out of metal, new plants, horses.

North America is seen like a ground with évangéliser: the Christianisation is partly accepted by part of the Indians when they can compare it to their traditional worships. So most of the time Europeans scorned Amerindians, unquestionable European link themselves with the Amerindian ones: Pocahontas wife the English John Rolfe in 1613.

It is very difficult to estimate the number of Amerindians the day before the European conquest: the historian Russel Thorntorn evaluates to approximately 7 million the number of inhabitants about 1500. According to other sources, the population in North America was of one or two million inhabitants to 12 million at the beginning of the 16th century.

On the Eastern coast, the British base the 13 colonies as from the 17th century. The colonists are much more numerous than in the other colonies of North America and the Amerindians are driven back towards the west, in particular because of the monopolization of their grounds (practical of the squatting ). The tribes of the North-East engage in the Franco-British competitions at the 18th century, during the Guerre Seven Year old.

In the glance of Europeans, the Indian is as well as possible a good savage who should be civilized, in the worst case devil to be converted, to reduce in slavery, or to génocider: in 1763, the English command of Pennsylvania provides to the Indians infested clothing germs of variola.

In the South-west of the current United States, the Spaniards extend their colonies of News-Spain since the Mexico. They are established on the territories of the Indians Pueblos whom they reduce in slavery by the system of the Encomienda. The brothers franciscains évangélisent the people of California, of New Mexico and of Texas thanks to a network of mission S. the Spanish army builds forts intended to control the Amerindian population. She must face several revolts at the 17th century. The Spaniards also settle in Florida where they massacre the Séminole S.

In the Large Plains and the valley of the Mississippi, the French control the immense territory of the Louisiana. In spite of slavery and confrontations violent one (war of the Foxes, risings Natchez and forwardings against Chicachas), the relations free-Indians are relatively good in Louisiana, because the French are not numerous. The French imperialism is expressed by some wars and the setting in slavery of a certain number of Amerindians.

Indian wars and the Ethnocide (19th century)

Deportations of the Indians

See also: Political Indian of the US government

At the 19th century, the Indians of North America are parked in reserve S and their principal game, the herds of bisons, are exterminated for their fur under the incentives of the federal government. Thus even if the qualification of Génocide of the treatment of these populations is discussed, insofar as there is no governmental will stopped exterminating the Amerindians, the latter famished (premium with the massacre of Bison S), are despoiled their grounds by the violence and cheating (not respect of the agreements signed) and deprived of their freedom of worship as well as right to speak their languages. The construction of the First transcontinental railroad and the arrival of the colonists by the tracks of the West devastates the territory of the Indians of the Plains. This policy is frequently named Ethnocide, term indicating the extermination of a culture. Many Indians let themselves die of despair: it was the case of the Creek S. On the whole, in fact the aspects of the Conquête of the West cause the decline of the population and the indigenous culture.

In 1830, the Indian Removal Act inaugurates the policy of displacement of the Indian populations always more towards the West: the president of the time, Andrew Jackson, makes vote a law off-setting the Indians living in the East of the the Mississippi in the West of this river, mainly in Oklahoma, in order to exploit the Or located on their territories, in the Ohio and to install the migrants from Europe. This law is declared anticonstitutional by the Supreme court and involves wars with Cherokees until 1838. Until 1850,100 000 Indians are off-set. The episode the most famous remainder that of the Track of the Tears in 1838-1839. This name comes from the tears of compassion poured by the Americans who saw passing Cherokees in front of them. This forced deportation made at least 4 000 victims, because of the cold, the diseases and exhaustion.

In the Indian Territory, the five civilized tribes are established in cities and bring with them their black slaves. They are supervised and framed by a series of forts built by the federal government near the reserves. The grounds are allotted to the tribes which manage them freely. Cherokees start again their newspaper, founded in 1828, whereas Creeks write a original Constitution. All found schools of village and develop secondary education. They reorganize their churches in which the pastors preach in indigenous language. Certain Indians succeed in undertaking studies in the American universities.

Amerindian rebirth

The conquest of the rights (20th century)

At the beginning of the 20th century, the US government becomes aware of the inequality and the racism which affect the Indian minority. The citizenship is granted in 1924 ( Indian Citizenship Act ), for the recognition of the effort of war of Cheyennes and Iroquois in particular. Some integrate the lifestyle and the american company: in first half of the 20th century, many Amerindian workmen work on the building sites of the skyscrapers

The Meriam report/ratio, published in 1928, made state of a dramatic situation for the Amerindians (poverty, exclusion): it awakes the interest of the government which wishes a Indian New Deal (in reference to the New Deal). In 1934, the Indian Reorganization Act , also called law Wheeler-Howard, gives a broader political autonomy and economic to the Indians. In 1944 is instituted the National Congress off American Indians , intended to support their interests. All these provisions make it possible to the Indians to recover a million hectares. The Amerindians play a big role during the Second world war: Navajos being useful in the American services of transmissions work out a code based on their language in order to ensure the confidentiality of the radio messages. After the 1945, the Termination Policy must support the installation of the Indians downtown and complete their assimilation. But it is quickly abandoned in front of its failures.

In 1962, the commission of the Indian claims ( Indian Claims commission ) must pour nearly four million dollars to the descendants of the Creek S despoiled in 1814. In 1968 a National council is established which coordinates financial aids. It is the same year that is born the Indian movement ( American Indian Movement ) with Mineapolis. The red Pouvoir is organized and sought to be made hear by organizing demonstrations: in 1969, Indians occupy the site of Alcatraz to San Francisco; in 1972, they take the Office of the Indian Businesses; in 1973, they invest that of Wounded Knee. In 1975, the Indian Coil-Determination and Education Act reaffirms the sovereignty of the tribal council. In 1977 a Secretary with the Indian Businesses is instituted, who was a long time Black Feet, Forrest Gerald. In 1978, the American Indian Religion Freedom Act supplements the rights obtained by offering the guarantee of freedom of worship for the Indians of America.

The Amerindian alarm clock

Population growth

Initially, the Amerindians know a demographic rebirth during the 20th century. In 1896, one could count approximately 250 000 Indians in the United States. According to the various censuses, they are 800 000 in 1970,1,4 million in 1980 and 2,8 million in 2004, is a little more 1 % of the total population. In 2004, two States of south-west (New Mexico and Arizona) the Amerindians represent a significant share of the population, since it exceeds the 5 % of the total. Less than one third of the Amerindians currently lives in reserves, which for the majority are concentrated in the west of the Mississippi river. Much resides in the big cities: one can count more 85 000 Indians with New York. The two tribes most important number are Cherokees (729 513) and Navajos (298 197).

Economic and social success

Certain Amerindians succeeded in being integrated socially into the contemporary american company: thus, one could see remarkable individual successes: NR. Scott Momaday receives the Prix Pulitzer in 1969.

In 1980, the Amerindians obtain the authorization to open and to manage casino S. In 2004, they had opened 350 establishments of play in the country which brings back 12 billion euros per annum. This activity, called “New bison”, made it possible many tribes to grow rich and to develop. Thus, the Arapahos launched out in the industry of the games of chance and assembled the Arapaho Casino , in the state of the Wyoming. Between 1990 and 2000, average revenue per capita of the Amerindians with progressed of 27 %. The Amerindians remain organized in tribes which have each one a chief and/or a tribal council and which can organize Référendum S or take advantage of their rights in front of federal justice. Some, like Cherokee, have a Constitution which affirms rights. The tribes receive a federal help proportional to the number of their members. Under the terms of the treaties signed at the 19th century, some of them receive a compensation for spoliation for their grounds: it is the case of the Séminole S blacks of Florida which received 56 million dollars recently: These figures show that the assimilation of the Amerindian population to the Melting pot étatsunien, although in progress, is still limited. Moreover there still exists of important disparities between the tribes. For example, the incidences of poverty of Navajo and the Sioux reach 37 and 38,9 respectively; % whereas it is of approximately 18 % for other tribes.

A cultural rebuilding

Several Americans of Amerindian origin take part in the operations in the war of Iraq. The cherokees even danced a pow wow, proof that the Amerindians assume their ancestral traditions more and more. This cultural revival allures in particular the young generations.

The Amerindian heritage in the American culture

In the Years 1960, under the influence of the Red Power and the movements ecologists, one has redécouvert the heritage and the civilization of the Amerindians. Thus in California, the Native American Day (4th Monday of September) is the occasion to pay homage to the Indians of the state, the teachers are invited to speak about the Indian culture in the schools. Since 2004, the courses of Indian history are obligatory in the elementary schools of the Maine. Moreover, the last archaeological discoveries call into question the single origin of the settlement of Americas by the populations from Asia, which has consequences on the Indian claims.

Lists of the large tribes

The most known people are:

Algonquin S (forests of the East)
Intrigues (forests of the East)
Iroquois (forests of the East)
Huron S (forests of the East)
Cherokee S (South-eastern)
Delawares (North-eastern)
Cries (Creates)
Ojibway (Large Plains)
Cheyennes (Large Plains)
Comanches (Large Plains)
Omahas (Large Plains)
Sioux (Large Plains)
Navajos (South-western)
Apaches (South-western)
Pueblos (South-western)
Mohave (California)

… but there exists about it much of different. However, the Inuit S of the artic regions are not Amerindians .

See too

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