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Harry S. Truman (May 8th 1884 - December 26th 1972) is the thirty-third President of the United States of America. Vice-président elected in 1944 with Franklin Delano Roosevelt he becomes president with his death the following year, on April 12th, 1945. He is re-elected for a second mandate until in 1953.

The presidency of Truman was very rich in events of all kinds (atomic Bombardements of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, end of the Second world war, beginning of the Cold war, birth of UNO, Guerre of Korea).

Biography

Harry S. Truman is born the May 8th 1884 in the Missouri. His/her parents, John Truman and Martha Young are farmers. They move in 1890 to settle with Independence (Missouri) and it is there that Truman passes most of its youth. After being left graduate in 1901 a High School (secondary school), Truman holds several uses of office before becoming farmer during ten years starting from 1906. He is the last president not to have taken down an university degree.

With the entry of the United States in the First World War, Truman is built-in the national guard. It is selected as officer, then order an artillery battery in France. Its regiment is distinguished in the Vosges what is worth to him the rank of lieutenant colonel in the National guard and to be to trust of its military states. At the end of the war, Truman turns over to Independence, where it Marie with Bess Wallace. They will have a fore-mentioned girl Margaret.

Political career

Its military experiment convinced it that it was gifted for the command and it decides to launch out in the policy. As much of candidates he courts the voices of the groups of influence the such franc-maçonset he goes until being registered with the Ku Klux Klan to gain his support in his first electoral battle. He remains there only little of time because he was made many catholic friends within his regiment whereas Klan is against the Roman Catholic church and that his/her best friend and partner in a clothes shop, Eddie Jacobsen, is Jewish, and that Klan is openly anti-semite.

He obtains its first local mandate in 1922 with the assistance of the democratic machine. He is beaten in 1924 but easily re-elected in 1926 then in 1930. Truman works conscientiously in its various functions and one credits it, with personal capacity, of the success of several projects of public works. It is selected in 1934 to be the candidate of the democratic party to the seat of senator of the Missouri. It is presented as a partisan of the “New Deal” of Franklin D. Roosevelt of which it supports the policy once elected.

H. Truman was always interested in the international businesses and it is pointed out during its second mandate while dealing with the Charged commission of the setting in state of alert of the army. Its ideas of simple good sense to make economies on the military budget are worth the respect of its pars to him and he becomes a logical candidate with the vice-presidency in 1944 which he obtains after Henry Wallace is isolated. Very little associated with the capacity by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, which does not see in him the fabric of a statesman, it succeeds to him its death, the April 12th 1945. The former merchant of shirts of Middle West then surprises the Establishment by his determination and his competences.

Presidency

1945

April 12th: the president Franklin D. Roosevelt dies in Warm Spring (Georgia); Harry S. Truman becomes the thirty-third chair of the United States of America.

May: American bombardments with napalm on Tokyo (83,000 dead).

June 26th: signature of the Charter of the United Nations.

6 - August 9th: the United States releases two atomic bombs on the Japan, the 6 with Hiroshima then the 9 with Nagasaki. Japan capitulates on September 2nd.

September 6th: Truman presents its bills social to the Congress and in particular the intended measures to the protection of employment.

1946

February 20th: Truman signs the “Loi on the full employment” which envisages the increase in public works to reduce unemployment. It is the only measurement which the Congrès voted on the 21 points that its social program included/understood.

September 12th: the social measures suggested by Truman are criticized with the center even its government by the commercial Minister Henry Wallace which resigns a few days later.

November 5th: the partial senatorial elections give the majority to the Republican party.

1947

March 12th: Truman announces its policy to fight against the expansion of Communism, the “Truman doctrine”, and requires a supplementary budget to avoid the swing of Greece and Turkey.

March 21st: Truman signs a demanding decree that all the federal employees lend an oath of allegiance. A commission is created to inquire into their past and their radiation, without call and without exposed reasons, can be marked. This decision, made to counter the attacks of Joseph McCarthy on the infiltration of the administration by Communists is criticized by the liberals like attentatoire with the civil liberties and by the conservatives like ineffective.

June 5th: Truman proposes an economic programme of assistance for the rebuilding of Europe. This program is known under the name of Marshall plan.

June 20th: Truman puts its veto at a law making compulsory the membership of certain workmen to an trade-union organization.

June 29th: Truman is the first president to make a speech before the defense association of the civic rights of the black minority (NAACP).

July 26th: the Congress votes the law on the “national security” which creates the National council of Safety (NSC), the central Agency of the information (the CIA), the US Air Force and Secrétaire with defense posts it.

1948

February 2nd: Truman requires of the Congress to vote laws to strengthen the civic rights of the minorities (primarily blacks).

April 2nd: the Congress votes in favor of the Marshall plan.

May 14th: the United States recognizes the creation of the State of Israel.

June 26th: Truman, in agreement with the United Kingdom, decides to supply West Berlin by plane to fight against the blockade imposed by the Soviet Union.

July 15th: the Democratic party indicates Truman like candidate with the presidency which launches his countryside on a platform including the health insurance, the civic rights and the trade union rights.

July 26th: Truman joins together a special session of the Congress to vote laws on the civil laws, the housing and the price control.

July 30th: Truman signs the fine decree putting at the racial segregation within the American armed forces.

November 2nd: Truman is re-elected for a second mandate against the candidate of the Republican party Thomas E. largely favorite Dewey however. Its party takes again the majority within the two legislative Rooms.

1949

January 5th: in its Speech on the state of the Union, Truman proposes a new more equitable industrial relations policy, the “Fair Deal” (in reference to the New Deal, of Roosevelt).

January 20th: in its speech of nomination, Truman uses for the first time the term of development to justify the assistance with the underdeveloped Pays within the framework of the fight against Communism and the Truman doctrine.

July 15th: Truman signs the “law on the habitat” which envisages the attribution of federal funds for the eradication of the slums and social housing construction.

September 3rd: Truman announces that the USSR carried out a test of atomic explosion. It is the beginning of the race with the nuclear armament.

1950

January 31st: Truman announces that the United States develops the bomb with hydrogen (Bombe H).

February 9th: speech of the senator Joseph McCarthy who shows the federal government and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in particular, to be cored by communist sympathizers.

June 26th: Truman orders the American intervention in the Guerre of Korea in opposition to the expansion of the communist influence in Asia. The general Douglas MacArthur is named commander-in-chief of the forces allied under the control of the the United Nations.

September 22nd: Truman puts its veto at the “Loi on the internal security” intended to repress the activities of the Communists; the Congress votes the law despite everything.

November 1st: Truman escapes an attack organized by Porto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo.

1951

April 11th: Truman dislocates Mac Arthur of its station because of its criticisms of the policy of the United States during the Guerre of Korea.

1952

March 29th: Truman decides not to be candidate for a new mandate.

June 14th: Truman attends the launching of the construction of the first submarine with nuclear propulsion.

1953

January 20th: Truman assists with the establishment of its successor Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Foreign politics

The beginning of the mandate of Truman coincides with the end of the Second world war in Europe. It is brought to make the decision to launch atomic bombs on Japan to put an end to the conflict in the zone of the Pacific. First of all allotting the tensions with Soviet to reciprocal incomprehension, it follows a in the same way reconciling policy that its predecessor. Very quickly confronted with the Soviet expansionism, its government hardens its policy towards the the USSR.
Reprenant the ideas of its predecessor Woodrow Wilson, Truman takes an active part in the birth of the the United Nations and it sends a delegation of dignitaries to the first general meeting. It puts all its weight in the balance so that the young organization adopts the Plan of division of Palestine the November 29th 1947 and thus allows the creation of the State of Israel. In spite of the lack of confidence of certain members of its own camp concerning his capacity to manage the foreign affairs, Truman succeeds in imposing the Marshall plan for the rebuilding of Europe and the Truman doctrine intended to prevent the expansion of Communism.

A few months after its election with a second mandate, the public opinion is focused once more on the foreign policy with the fall of the China on the communist side following the arrival of Mao Zedong. This event, to which the United States is not opposed, is disastrous for the Democratic party because it is perceived like the proof of its incapacity to gain the Cold war. Less than one year after the fall of the China, Algiers Hiss, a senior official of the government, is recognized like a former Communist, the North Korea invades the South Korea and the senator Joseph McCarthy clamp publicly that the Ministry for Foreign Affairs is truffle of Communists. Initially the business Algiers Hiss was an embarrassment for Truman and it made it possible McCarthy to be pointed out but the front of the scene was going soon to belong to the general Douglas MacArthur and to the Guerre of Korea. Following the Chinese intervention in November 1950, MacArthur proposes to extend the war to the Chinese territory; it is in dissension with Truman which raises it of its functions when it presents its ideas publicly. This decision is deeply badly perceived by the American people and it sullies the credibility of Truman. Its unpopularity grows still at the same time as the military situation in Korea develops towards a paralysis and is probably at the origin of its decision not to represent itself.

Interior policy

The interior policy is marked by many attempts to extend the civic rights of the minorities, the blacks in particular, to improve social protection and to decrease the risks related to unemployment and finally to widen the trade union rights. In spite of some successes in each one of its fields the Congress, which is however favorable to the president at the time of his election, will not vote the whole of its proposals and will go even until voting laws at which it will have put his veto. Moreover, the commission of the Room of the representatives charged to fight against the communist influences, the HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) inserts the United States in what one will call the Maccarthisme while launching a vast investigation in the medium of the cinema. The industrial relations policy known as “equitable Fair deal ” that it launches at the beginning of its second mandate will not have the impact of the New Deal of Roosevelt and will not allow him to consider its re-election.

Reprocess

Truman remains very active after its political withdrawal, it continues to make speeches and it takes time to write its memories in its birthplace of Independence in the Missouri, gradually finding its lost popularity. A fall in its bathroom in 1964 limit strongly its capacities of displacement and it becomes more discrete, leaving part of its public life on side. He dies in 1972.

Anecdotes

Two sayings used per H. Truman remained famous and are still usually employed by the Americans: “The buck stops young stag” I assume of it the responsibility (This saying is the opposite of the American expression “to not the buck” which means to pass by again the baby ) and “yew you can' T stand the heat, get out off the kitchen” when one does not support that heats, one leaves the kitchen .

Initial “S.” of Truman

Harry Truman did not have a second first name, only one initial “S.” between the first name and the name. It was current in the States of the South and Midwest, in particular the Missouri, to rather call somebody by his initial than by its name. Truman said that this initial was a compromise between the names of his/her two grandfathers (Anderson Shippe Truman and Solomon Young). It blagua once by saying that “S.” was a name and not initial and that there was not to be of point after the S but all the official documents use “S.” with initial. It was established with many examples that Truman has, throughout its life, signed by putting a point after initial S.

The new White House

Contrary to the other presidents, Truman does not reside at the White House during the major part of its mandates. Analyzes of the building had shown that the White House risked collapse because of structural problems involved in the fire by the British at the beginning of the 19th century. The president moves in the Blair House which becomes its White House while the White House is dismounted then gone up with identical by using more solid materials. A new balcony, which one calls today “Truman Balcony”, is installed above the gantry of entry.

Homages

The good reputation of Truman increased after its withdrawal of the political life at the same time as the American nation is shaken by the Guerre of Vietnam and the Watergate in the years 1960 and 1970. The musical group Chicago even wrote a song on the former president.

A nuclear Porte-avions which was to be called before United States was débaptisé and famous on its behalf.

Supreme court

  • Harold Hitz Burton - 1945
  • Fred Mr. Vinson - Chief Justice - 1946
  • Tom Campbell Clark - 1949
  • Sherman Minton - 1949

Independent measurements of its government

Dependant articles

External bonds

  • the museum and the library of president Truman (in English)
  • All speeches of president Truman (in English)

References

This article being a translation of the English article, the various anglophone authors put like source these various works:

  • National American Biography . Vol. 21. New York: Oxford University Near, 1999,857-863.
  • Black, Allida Mr. Casting Her Own Shadow: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Shaping off Postwar Liberalism . New York: Columbia University Near, 1996,51-85.
  • Graff, Henry F., ED. The Presidents: Reference History has. 2nd ED. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1996,443-458.
  • Lash, Joseph. Eleanor: The Years Alone . New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1972,23,36-37, 142-145, 210,214,296.

Simple: Harry S. Truman

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