The alphabet géorgien created by Pharnavaz I first king of the Georgia (named მხედრული locally, Mkhedruli ) is the writing currently used to write the Géorgien and some other languages of the the Caucasus, of which the Batsba, language of the Groupe vainakh (improperly named " tchétchène" , " ingouche") who adds signs Diacritiques to it.

It is normally a writing unicamérale in its modern round form Mkhedruli current, that is to say " militaire" , as in its original traditional round form Mrgvlovani (მრგვლოვანი, is " Uncial " , of which the letters Asomtavruli , i.e. " majuscules" , were different from the modern round letters), but it was temporarily a bicameral writing in its old ecclesiastical form Khutsuri (ხუცური, " ecclésiastique", thanks to the addition of another square alphabet Nuskhuri (ნუსხური, tiny) or Kutkhovani (კუთხოვანი) for the tiny ones, completely abandoned alphabet today). Certain authors use however the traditional round letters Asomtavruli like capital letters in the modern texts, the titles of newspapers, the logos, etc, for which a traditional form and modern Fontes coexist.

History

Oldest known alphabet géorgien is the Asomtavruli , also called Mrgvlovani , used to still rather seldom today note the capitals in certain texts, and which was invented in 412 av. J. - C. by priests géorgiens who followed the worship of Matra (i.e. Mithra).

In 284 av. J. - C., the king Pharnavaz Ier d' Ibérie reformed the alphabet.

One finds inscriptions Mrgvlovani on certain buildings, such as the church géorgienne of Bethlehem.

The alphabet Nuskhuri , also called Kutkhovani (“square”), used to note the tiny ones, appeared about the 9th century. The alphabets Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri of the writing Khutsuri (ხუცური, or “liturgical writing”, sometimes transcribed “Xucuri”), were used together to write the religious texts, using the Asomtavruli to note the capitals.

The modern alphabet, called Mkhedruli (მხედრული, “secular” or “military writing”, sometimes transcribed “mxedruli”), made its appearance at the 11th century. It was initially used for the nonreligious texts then it completely replaced the Nuskhuri of the old eclesiastic writing. The linguists géorgiens describe his orthography like phonetics.

Composition

In its modern form, the alphabet géorgien Mkhedruli comprises 33 letters:

In the beginning, the alphabet comprised 6 additional letters which since fell in disuse and are not employed any more. The alphabet includes/understands also 2 other letters used to transcribe the languages Mingrélien and Svan rare E, and three other letters, as well as an old traditional punctuation:

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With the alphabet géorgien Mkhedruli , there exists neither Majuscule, nor tiny. However, certain géorgiens authors tried to use the round letters of the traditional alphabet assomtavrouli as capital (like temporarily made the monks for the old ecclesiastical writing Khutsuri where, however, the small letters formed a second alphabet Nuskhuri , the traditional letters being reserved for the majucules):

Data-processing representation

The alphabets géorgiens are represented by the characters Unicode U+10A0 with U+10FC and U+2D00 with U+20D5.

Traditional inscriptions or old ecclesiastical writing Khutsuri

  • the square small letters Nuskhuri of the old cursive ecclesiastical writing Khutsuri were before unified with the round letters (without breakage) of the modern alphabet preceding Mkhedruli . (However that poses problem because the letters are very little resembling between the two alphabets, and there exists a risk of confusion with the letters of the alphabet modern Mkhedruli , of which some were permuted compared to the capital letters Asomtavruli of the old writing.) Since, Unicode separately disunited them and réencodées of U+2D00 with U+20D5.
  • the round capital letters Asomtavruli of the old writing Khutsuri are coded of U+10A0 with U+10C5. (They are sometimes used also to bring a distinction of breakage in the modern writing Mkhedruli ; however the risk of confusion of these “capitals” is great with certain letters different from normal breakage Mkhedruli ).

the code ISO 15924 of the old ecclesiastical writing géorgiennne Khutsuri (i.e. tiny square cursive the Nuskhuri and traditional round capitals Asomtavruli ) is Geok. For the traditional inscriptions in round capitals Asomtavruli only, one can indifferently use the code Geok (in the ecclesiastical texts) or the modern code Geor (the second code is however preferable for the quotations in the modern texts of quotations the old nonecclesiastical such monumental inscriptions).

Count of the Unicode characters

Modern writing Mkhedruli

  • the round letters of the modern alphabetical writing Mkhedruli (of which the alphabet is reduced more and without reference to breakages) are coded of U+10D0 with U+10F0. (Although they are unfiées with old tiny square the nuskuri , the majority of the font faces géorgiennes post only the modern round letters.)
  • are added to it the letters now antiquated U+10F1 to U+10F5, used for transcrires the letters of the old square writing Khutsuri the traditional or inscriptions in capital letters round Asomtavruli , and another small antiquated letter U+10F6.
  • Of the letters without additional breakage is used for the transcription of the languages mingrélienne and svane is coded in U+10F7 and U+10F8.
  • Of other rarer letters without breakage is coded in U+10F9 and U+10FA, as well as a modifying letter in U+10FC.
  • the character U+10FB is a punctuation géorgienne marking the end of a paragraph.

the code ISO 15924 of the writing géorgiennne modern round Mkhedruli is Geor.

See too

Internal bonds

External bonds

  • Pig iron and cast iron for the géorgien, in conformity with the system Unicode 4.0, also usable by MAC OS 9 and X
  • Table of Unicode coding of the géorgien and its supplement.

Simple: Georgian alphabet

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